#
# IDN Reference table for Latin script
#
# Script: Latin (latn)
# Version: 4.0
# Effective Date: 2025-10-31
#
# Registry: Tucows Registry Services
# Contact: ry-services@tucows.com
# Website: https://tucowsregistry.com/
# Relevant Policy Document URL: https://tucowsregistry.com/idn-policies/
#
# Code points requiring context rules
#
# Code point                        Description of rule/Reference
#
# U+002D                            Label must neither start nor end with U+002D. Label
#    HYPHEN-MINUS                   must not have U+002D in both third and fourth
#                                   position. RFC 5891 (sec 4.2.3.1)
#
#
# The registration of a label with the character sequence U+0073 U+0073 (ss), conformed
# of two consecutive LATIN SMALL LETTER S characters, will block a future registration of
# a label containing the Latin Small Letter Sharp S U+00DF (ß) in the same position.
# This is also true in the inverse scenario in which a label with (ß) is registered first,
# as reflected in the IDN table variants.
#
U+002D # HYPHEN-MINUS (-)
U+0030 # DIGIT ZERO (0)
U+0031 # DIGIT ONE (1)
U+0032 # DIGIT TWO (2)
U+0033 # DIGIT THREE (3)
U+0034 # DIGIT FOUR (4)
U+0035 # DIGIT FIVE (5)
U+0036 # DIGIT SIX (6)
U+0037 # DIGIT SEVEN (7)
U+0038 # DIGIT EIGHT (8)
U+0039 # DIGIT NINE (9)
U+0061;;U+00E1,U+0061 U+0331 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A (a;á,a̱)
U+0062 # LATIN SMALL LETTER B (b)
U+0063 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C (c)
U+0064 # LATIN SMALL LETTER D (d)
U+0065;;U+0065 U+0331 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E (e;e̱)
U+0066;;U+0192 # LATIN SMALL LETTER F (f;ƒ)
U+0067;;U+0067 U+0303 # LATIN SMALL LETTER G (g;g̃)
U+0068 # LATIN SMALL LETTER H (h)
U+0069;;U+00ED,U+00EF,U+0131,U+0269,U+0069 U+0331 # LATIN SMALL LETTER I (i;í,ï,ı,ɩ,i̱)
U+006A # LATIN SMALL LETTER J (j)
U+006B # LATIN SMALL LETTER K (k)
U+006C # LATIN SMALL LETTER L (l)
U+006D;;U+006D U+0327 # LATIN SMALL LETTER M (m;m̧)
U+006E;;U+0144,U+014B,U+1E45,U+006E U+0304,U+006E U+0308 # LATIN SMALL LETTER N (n;ń,ŋ,ṅ,n̄,n̈)
U+006F;;U+00F3,U+006F U+0327,U+006F U+0331 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O (o;ó,o̧,o̱)
U+0070 # LATIN SMALL LETTER P (p)
U+0071 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Q (q)
U+0072;;U+0072 U+0303 # LATIN SMALL LETTER R (r;;r̃)
U+0073;;U+0073 U+0073 # LATIN SMALL LETTER S (s;;ss)
U+0074 # LATIN SMALL LETTER T (t)
U+0075;;U+00FA,U+00FC,U+028B # LATIN SMALL LETTER U (u;ú,ü,ʋ)
U+0076 # LATIN SMALL LETTER V (v)
U+0077 # LATIN SMALL LETTER W (w)
U+0078 # LATIN SMALL LETTER X (x)
U+0079;;U+0263 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y (y;ɣ)
U+007A # LATIN SMALL LETTER Z (z)
U+00DF;;U+0073 U+0073 # LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (ß;ss)
U+00E0;;U+1EA3 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE (à;ả)
U+00E1;;U+0061 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE (á;a)
U+00E2 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX (â)
U+00E3;;U+0101 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE (ã;ā)
U+00E4 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS (ä)
U+00E5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE (å)
U+00E6 # LATIN SMALL LETTER AE (æ)
U+00E7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA (ç)
U+00E8 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE (è)
U+00E9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE (é)
U+00EA # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ê)
U+00EB # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS (ë)
U+00EC # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE (ì)
U+00ED;;U+0069,U+00EF,U+0131,U+0269,U+1EC9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE (í;i,ï,ı,ɩ,ỉ)
,U+0069 U+0331 # LATIN SMALL LETTER I (i;í,ï,ı,ɩ,i̱)
U+00EE # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX (î)
U+00EF;;U+0069,U+00ED,U+0131,U+0269,U+1EC9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS (ï;i,í,ı,ɩ,ỉ)
U+00F0 # LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH (ð)
U+00F1;;U+006E U+0304 # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE (ñ)
U+00F2;;U+1ECF # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE (ò;ỏ)
U+00F3;;U+006F,U+006F U+0327,U+006F U+0331  # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE (ó;o,o̧,o̱)
U+00F4 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ô)
U+00F5;;U+014D # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE (õ;ō)
U+00F6 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS (ö)
U+00F8 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE (ø)
U+00F9;;U+1EE7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE (ù;ủ)
U+00FA;;U+0075,U+00FC,U+028B # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE (ú;u,ü,ʋ)
U+00FB # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX (û)
U+00FC;;U+0075,U+00FA,U+028B # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS (ü;u,ú,ʋ)
U+00FD;;U+1EF3,U+1EF7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE (ý;ỳ,ỷ)
U+00FE # LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN (þ)
U+00FF # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS (ÿ)
U+0101;;U+00E3 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON (ā;ã)
U+0103 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE (ă)
U+0105 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK (ą)
U+0107;;U+010B # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE (ć;ċ)
U+0109 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ĉ)
U+010B;;U+0107 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE (ċ;ć)
U+010D # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON (č)
U+010F # LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON (ď)
U+0111 # LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE (đ)
U+0113;;U+1EBD # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON (ē;ẽ)
U+0117 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE (ė)
U+0119 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK (ę)
U+011B # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CARON (ě)
U+011D # LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ĝ)
U+011F;;U+01E7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE (ğ;ǧ)
U+0121;;U+0123 # LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE (ġ;ģ)
U+0123;;U+0121 # LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA (ģ;ġ)
U+0125 # LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ĥ)
U+0127 # LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE (ħ)
U+0129;;U+12B # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE (ĩ;ī)
U+012B;;U+129 # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON (ī;ĩ)
U+012F # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK (į)
U+0131;;U+0069,U+00ED,U+00EF,U+0269,U+1EC9,U+0069 U+0331 # LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I (ı;i,í,ï,ɩ,ỉ,i̱)
U+0135 # LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ĵ)
U+0137 # LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA (ķ)
U+013A # LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE (ĺ)
U+013C # LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA (ļ)
U+013E # LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON (ľ)
U+0142 # LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE (ł)
U+0144;;U+006E,U+014B,U+1E45,U+006E U+0304,U+006E U+0308 # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE (ń;n,ŋ,ṅ,n̄,n̈)
U+0146 # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA (ņ)
U+0148 # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON (ň)
U+014B;;U+006E,U+0144,U+1E45,U+006E U+0304,U+006E U+0308 # LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG (ŋ;n,ń,ṅ,n̄,n̈)
U+014D;;U+00F5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON (ō;õ)
U+0151 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE (ő)
U+0153 # LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE (œ)
U+0155 # LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE (ŕ)
U+0159 # LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON (ř)
U+015B # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE (ś)
U+015D # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ŝ)
U+015F # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA (ş)
U+0161 # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON (š)
U+0165 # LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON (ť)
U+0167 # LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE (ŧ)
U+0169;;U+016B # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE (ũ;ū)
U+016B;;U+0169 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON (ū;ũ)
U+016D # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE (ŭ)
U+016F # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE (ů)
U+0171 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE (ű)
U+0173 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK (ų)
U+0175 # LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ŵ)
U+0177 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX (ŷ)
U+017A;;U+017C # LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE (ź;ż)
U+017C;;U+017A # LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE (ż;ź)
U+017E # LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON (ž)
U+0188 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH HOOK (ƈ)
U+0192;;U+0066 # LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK (ƒ;f)
U+0199 # LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH HOOK (ƙ)
U+01A1 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN (ơ)
U+01A5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH HOOK (ƥ)
U+01AD # LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH HOOK (ƭ)
U+01B0 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN (ư)
U+01B4 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK (ƴ)
U+01DD;;U+0259 # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED E (ǝ;ə)
U+01E7;;U+011F # LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CARON (ǧ;ğ)
U+01E9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CARON (ǩ)
U+01EF # LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CARON (ǯ)
U+0219 # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW (ș)
U+021B # LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH COMMA BELOW (ț)
U+024D # LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH STROKE (ɍ)
U+0253 # LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK (ɓ)
U+0254;;U+0254 U+308,U+0254 U+0331 # LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O (ɔ;;ɔ̈,ɔ̱)
U+0256 # LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL (ɖ)
U+0257 # LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK (ɗ)
U+0259;;U+01DD # LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA (ə;ǝ)
U+025B;;U+025B U+0308,U+025B U+0331,U+025B U+0331 U+0308 # LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E (ɛ;;ɛ̈,ɛ̱,ɛ̱̈)
U+0260 # LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK (ɠ)
U+0263;;U+0079 # LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA (ɣ;y)
U+0268;;U+0268 U+0303 # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE (ɨ;;ɨ̃)
U+0269;;U+0069,U+00ED,U+00EF,U+0131,U+1EC9,U+0069 U+0331 # LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA (ɩ;i,í,ï,ı,ỉ,i̱)
U+0272 # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK (ɲ)
U+0289;;U+0289 U+0303 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR (ʉ;;ʉ̃)
U+028B;;U+0075,U+00FA,U+00FC # LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK (ʋ;u,ú,ü)
U+0292 # LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH (ʒ)
U+1E13 # LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW (ḓ)
U+1E21;;U+0067 U+0303 # LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH MACRON (ḡ)
U+1E3D # LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW (ḽ)
U+1E45 # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE (ṅ)
U+1E49 # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW (ṉ)
U+1E4B # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW (ṋ)
U+1E63 # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW (ṣ)
U+1E6D # LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW (ṭ)
U+1E71 # LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW (ṱ)
U+1E8D # LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS (ẍ)
U+1EA1 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW (ạ)
U+1EA3;;U+00E0 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE (ả;à)
U+1EA5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE (ấ)
U+1EA7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE (ầ)
U+1EA9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE (ẩ)
U+1EAB # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE (ẫ)
U+1EAD # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW (ậ)
U+1EAF # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE (ắ)
U+1EB1 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE (ắ)
U+1EB3 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE (ẳ)
U+1EB5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE (ẵ)
U+1EB7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW (ặ)
U+1EB9;;U+1EB9 U+0300,U+1EB9 U+0301 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW (ẹ;;ẹ̀,ẹ́)
U+1EBB # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE (ẻ)
U+1EBD;;U+0113 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE (ẽ;ē)
U+1EBF # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE (ế)
U+1EC1 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE (ề)
U+1EC3 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE (ể)
U+1EC5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE (ễ)
U+1EC7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW (ệ)
U+1EC9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE (ỉ)
U+1ECB # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW (ị)
U+1ECD;;U+1ECD U+0300,U+1ECD U+0301 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW (ọ;;ọ̀,ọ́)
U+1ECF;;U+00F2 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE (ỏ;ò)
U+1ED1 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE (ố)
U+1ED3 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE (ồ)
U+1ED5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE (ổ)
U+1ED7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE (ỗ)
U+1ED9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW (ộ)
U+1EDB # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE (ớ)
U+1EDD # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE (ờ)
U+1EDF # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE (ở)
U+1EE1 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE (ỡ)
U+1EE3 # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW (ợ)
U+1EE5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW (ụ)
U+1EE7;;U+00F9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE (ủ;ù)
U+1EE9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE (ứ)
U+1EEB # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE (ừ)
U+1EED # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE (ử)
U+1EEF # LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE (ữ)
U+1EF1 # LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW (ự)
U+1EF3;;U+00FD,U+1EF7 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE (ỳ;ý,ỷ)
U+1EF5 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW (ỵ)
U+1EF7;;U+00FD,U+1EF3 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE (ỷ;ý,ỳ)
U+1EF9 # LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE (ỹ)