Italian

Italian (language)

Second-Level Reference Label Generation Rules, 25 October 2024 Current

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Summary

Version3 — Second Level Reference LGR
Date
Tag it (Italian)
Unicode11.0.0
Source filelgr-second-level-italian-language-25oct24-en.xml (21.0kb)

This ruleset is integrated into the Common (integrated set) ruleset of this release.

Description

INSTRUCTIONS

  • These instructions cover how to adopt an LGR based on this reference LGR for a given zone and how to prepare the file for deposit in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices.
  • As described the IANA procedure (https://www.iana.org/help/idn-repository-procedure) an LGR MUST contain the following elements in its header:
    • Script or Language Designator (see below for guidance)
    • Version Number (this must increase with each amendment to the LGR, even if the updates are limited to the header itself)
    • Effective Date (the date at which the policy becomes applicable in operational use)
    • Registry Contact Details (contact name, email address, and/or phone number)
  • The following information is optional:
    • Document creation date
    • Applicable Domain(s)
    • Changes made to the Reference LGR before adopting

Please add or modify the following items in the XML source code for this file before depositing the document in the IANA Repository. (https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables)

Meta Data

Note: version numbers start at 1. RFC 7940 recommends using simple integers. The version comment is optional, please replace or delete the default comment. Version comments may be used by some tools as part of the page header.

<version comment="[Please replace (or delete) the optional comment]">[Please fill in version number, starting at 1]</version>

<date>[Please fill in with publication date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</date>

<validity-start>[Please fill in effective date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</validity-start>

Note: the scope element may be repeated, so that the same document can serve for multiple domains.

<scope type="domain">[Please provide, in ".domain" format]</scope>

Registry Contact Information:

Please fill in the Registry Contact Details.

Change History

If you made technical modifications to the LGR, please summarize them in the Change History (and also note the details in the appropriate section of the description).

PLEASE DELETE THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE DEPOSITING THE DOCUMENT

Read the rest of the description Show less

Registry Contact Details

  • Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
  • Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
  • Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]

Label Generation Rules for Italian

Overview

This document specifies a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Italian language using a language-specific repertoire for the second level domain or domains identified above. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Italian Language” [Ref-LGR-it-Latn], for details, see Change History below.

Standalone LGR: This LGR is designed to be used in a zone that does not cater to IDNs other than those valid under this LGR. This LGR lacks features that would allow its use in the context of another LGR in the same zone, and it may contain other features incompatible with such use.

Repertoire

Most references converge on 38 Latin code points.

There is no IDN table published in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices by a .it ccTLD, however, the investigation of the registration policy reveals that the registry permits a rather exhaustive set of Latin, Greek and Cyrillic code points. This makes it not suited for narrowing down the preferred code points for an LGR for the the Italian language.

Excluded code points

Letters documented in some references but not included:

  • U+00DF LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

  • U+00E1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

  • U+00E3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE

  • U+00E4 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

  • U+00E5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

  • U+00E6 LATIN SMALL LETTER AE

  • U+00EB LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

  • U+00F1 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE

  • U+00F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE

  • U+00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE

  • U+00FC LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

  • U+00FF LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

Extended code points

The five letters ‘j’, ‘k’, ‘w’, ‘x’ and ‘y’ are not part of the alphabet proper for Italian. However, they are included here as part of the core repertoire because of their use in representing loan words, place and brand names and other common uses such as “www” in domain names.

A number of letters not considered essential to writing the core vocabulary of the language are nevertheless in common use. Where they have not been added to the core repertoire, they are flagged as “extended-cp” in the table of code points. A context rule is provided that by default will prohibit labels with such extended code points. To support extended single code points or code point sequences, delete the context “extended-cp” from their repertoire definition.

In particular, any vowels with circumflex, other than U+00EE LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX are used rarely and have been marked as extended.

Variants

No variants are applicable when using the LGR in a standalone fashion.

Character Classes

This LGR does not define named character classes.

Rules

Common Rules

By default, the LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟.

  • Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [150]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
  • Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [150].

Actions

This LGR includes the default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].

Methodology and Contributors

The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Italian Language was developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, including input by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.

Changes from Version Dated 10 October 2016

Language tag has been updated.

Changes from Version Dated 18 May 2021

Unicode Version has been updated.

Changes from Version Dated 25 October 2024

Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Italian Language [Ref-LGR-it-Latn] without normative changes.

References

General references for the language:

  • Rebora, Piero. 1967. Cassell’s Italian dictionary: Italian-English English-Italian. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 0-308-10020-4

  • Wikipedia: “Italian orthography”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_alphabet

  • Omniglot: “Italian (italiano)” https://www.omniglot.com/writing/italian.htm

Reference on registration policy for .it ccTLD:

  • Registro.it, Linee Guida tecniche, Versione 2.1, November 3, 2014 https://www.nic.it/sites/default/files/docs/Linee_Guida_Tecniche_Sincrone_v2.1_0.pdf

Other references cited in this document:

[RFC 7940]
Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[Ref-LGR-it-Latn]
ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Italian Language (it-Latn), 25 October 2024 (XML) https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-italian-language-25oct24-en.xml non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-italian-language-25oct24-en.html
[Unicode 11.0.0]
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1) https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/

In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, reference [150] indicates the source for common rules. For more details, see the Table of References below.

Repertoire

Glyph Code point Tags and context Variants
- U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS 0 100 301 401 601 HYPHEN-MINUS Tagsc:Zyyy Contextnot hyphen-minus-disallowed
0 U+0030 DIGIT ZERO 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT ZERO; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
1 U+0031 DIGIT ONE 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT ONE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
2 U+0032 DIGIT TWO 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT TWO; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
3 U+0033 DIGIT THREE 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT THREE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
4 U+0034 DIGIT FOUR 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT FOUR; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
5 U+0035 DIGIT FIVE 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT FIVE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
6 U+0036 DIGIT SIX 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT SIX; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
7 U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT SEVEN; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
8 U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT EIGHT; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
9 U+0039 DIGIT NINE 0 100 301 401 601 DIGIT NINE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
a U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER A Tagsc:Latn
b U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER B Tagsc:Latn
c U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER C Tagsc:Latn
d U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER D Tagsc:Latn
e U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER E Tagsc:Latn
f U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER F Tagsc:Latn
g U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER G Tagsc:Latn
h U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER H Tagsc:Latn
i U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER I Tagsc:Latn
j U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J 0 100 301 401 600 LATIN SMALL LETTER J Tagsc:Latn
k U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K 0 100 301 401 600 LATIN SMALL LETTER K Tagsc:Latn
l U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER L Tagsc:Latn
m U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER M Tagsc:Latn
n U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER N Tagsc:Latn
o U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER O Tagsc:Latn
p U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER P Tagsc:Latn
q U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q Tagsc:Latn
r U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER R Tagsc:Latn
s U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER S Tagsc:Latn
t U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER T Tagsc:Latn
u U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER U Tagsc:Latn
v U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER V Tagsc:Latn
w U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W 0 100 302 401 600 LATIN SMALL LETTER W Tagsc:Latn
x U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X 0 100 301 401 600 LATIN SMALL LETTER X Tagsc:Latn
y U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y 0 100 302 401 600 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y Tagsc:Latn
z U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z 0 100 301 401 601 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z Tagsc:Latn
à U+00E0 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE 0 100 200 301 401 603 604 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE Tagsc:Latn
â U+00E2 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 302 402 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX Tagsc:Latn Contextextended-cp
ç U+00E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA 0 402 603 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA Tagsc:Latn
è U+00E8 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE 0 100 200 301 401 603 604 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE Tagsc:Latn
é U+00E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 0 100 200 301 401 603 604 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE Tagsc:Latn
ê U+00EA LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 302 402 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX Tagsc:Latn Contextextended-cp
ì U+00EC LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE 0 100 200 301 401 603 604 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE Tagsc:Latn
í U+00ED LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE 0 100 200 301 402 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE Tagsc:Latn
î U+00EE LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 100 302 402 604 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX Tagsc:Latn
ï U+00EF LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 0 200 301 402 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS Tagsc:Latn
ò U+00F2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE 0 100 200 301 401 603 604 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE Tagsc:Latn
ó U+00F3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE 0 100 200 301 401 604 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE Tagsc:Latn
ô U+00F4 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 302 402 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX Tagsc:Latn Contextextended-cp
ù U+00F9 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE 0 100 200 301 401 604 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE Tagsc:Latn
ú U+00FA LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE 0 100 200 301 402 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE Tagsc:Latn
û U+00FB LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 302 402 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX Tagsc:Latn Contextextended-cp

Rules

Conditions evaluated against a whole label, or against the context around a single code point. The notation borrows from regular expressions: ^ and $ anchor to the start and end of a label, . matches any code point, (?= ) and (?<= ) look ahead and behind, and * and + repeat. Two symbols are specific to rulesets: ◆ is the code point being tested, and ⟨name⟩ refers to another rule.

leading-combining-mark MSR default 150

RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks

^ ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc})
Structure
  • ^ start
  • ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc}) union
    • {gc:Mn} class
    • {gc:Mc} class
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 1 (invalid)

hyphen-minus-disallowed MSR default 150

RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS

( ( (?<= ^ ) ◆ ) │ ( ◆ (?= $ ) ) │ ( (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ ) )
Structure
  • ( ( (?<= ^ ) ◆ ) │ ( ◆ (?= $ ) ) │ ( (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ ) ) choice
    • (?<= ^ ) ◆ rule no leading hyphen
      • (?<= ^ ) look-behind
        • ^ start
      • ◆ anchor
    • ◆ (?= $ ) rule no trailing hyphen
      • ◆ anchor
      • (?= $ ) look-ahead
        • $ end
    • (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ rule no consecutive hyphens in third and fourth
      • (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) look-behind
        • ^ start
        • . any
        • . any
        • U+002D char hyphen-minus
      • ◆ anchor
Referenced by 1 definition
  • negative context of U+002D

extended-cp MSR default

context to gate off code points from the extended range, matches no label

^ $
Referenced by 4 definitions
  • context of U+00E2
  • context of U+00EA
  • context of U+00F4
  • context of U+00FB

Actions

Actions are evaluated in the order shown. The first action whose conditions match determines the disposition of the label.

# Disposition Conditions
1 invalid label matches leading-combining-mark by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid
2 valid any label default catch all

References

RefSource
0 The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1
Code points cited were originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
100 Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), “IDN Reference table for Italian language” https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/italiann-lang-ref-table.txt accessed on 2016-10-16
150 RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891
200 ISO/IEC 6937 Third Ed. 2001-12-17- Information technology — Coded graphic character set for text communication — Latin alphabet: Table D.1 (p 35) Use of Latin alphabetic characters.
This table lists only the characters outside the set a-z
301 Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: “Italian” https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/italian.pdf
Code points cited form the standard set
302 Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: “Italian” https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/italian.pdf
Code points cited are from an extended set
304 Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: “Italian” https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/italian.pdf
Code points cited are rare or archaic
401 The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Italian [it] https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/it.html
Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters
402 The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Italian [it] https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/it.html
Code points cited are from the Auxiliary set
600 Table “Reduced usage of the letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet (A-Z) in various alphabets “ in Wikipedia: “Latin alphabets” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets
Code points cited are omitted from the basic Latin set A-Z according to the table.
601 Table “Reduced usage of the letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet (A-Z) in various alphabets “ in Wikipedia: “Latin alphabets” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets
Code points cited from the basic Latin set A-Z are included in the alphabet according to the table.
603 ISO/IEC 646:1991 — Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
Code points cited are supported in a national edition of ISO-646.
604 Wikipedia: “Italian orthography” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_orthography