Korean

Korean (language)

Second-Level Reference Label Generation Rules, 25 October 2024 Current

Download lgr-second-level-korean-hangul-language-25oct24-en.xml (16.0kb)

Summary

Version3 — Second Level Reference LGR
Date
Tag ko (Korean)
Unicode11.0.0
Source filelgr-second-level-korean-hangul-language-25oct24-en.xml (16.0kb)

This ruleset is integrated into the Common (integrated set) ruleset of this release.

Description

INSTRUCTIONS

  • These instructions cover how to adopt an LGR based on this reference LGR for a given zone and how to prepare the file for deposit in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices.
  • As described the IANA procedure (https://www.iana.org/help/idn-repository-procedure) an LGR MUST contain the following elements in its header:
    • Script or Language Designator (see below for guidance)
    • Version Number (this must increase with each amendment to the LGR, even if the updates are limited to the header itself)
    • Effective Date (the date at which the policy becomes applicable in operational use)
    • Registry Contact Details (contact name, email address, and/or phone number)
  • The following information is optional:
    • Document creation date
    • Applicable Domain(s)
    • Changes made to the Reference LGR before adopting

Please add or modify the following items in the XML source code for this file before depositing the document in the IANA Repository. (https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables)

Meta Data

Note: version numbers start at 1. RFC 7940 recommends using simple integers. The version comment is optional, please replace or delete the default comment. Version comments may be used by some tools as part of the page header.

<version comment="[Please replace (or delete) the optional comment]">[Please fill in version number, starting at 1]</version>

<date>[Please fill in with publication date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</date>

<validity-start>[Please fill in effective date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</validity-start>

Note: the scope element may be repeated, so that the same document can serve for multiple domains.

<scope type="domain">[Please provide, in ".domain" format]</scope>

Registry Contact Information:

Please fill in the Registry Contact Details.

Change History

If you made technical modifications to the LGR, please summarize them in the Change History (and also note the details in the appropriate section of the description).

PLEASE DELETE THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE DEPOSITING THE DOCUMENT

Read the rest of the description Show less

Registry Contact Details

  • Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
  • Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
  • Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]

Label Generation Rules for Korean

Overview

This document specifies a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Korean language using a language-specific repertoire for the second level domain or domains identified above. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Korean Language” [Ref-LGR-ko-Kore], for details, see Change History below.

Standalone LGR: This LGR is designed to be used in a zone that does not cater to IDNs other than those valid under this LGR. Following existing practice, this LGR also supports ASCII letters and where applicable accounts for any interaction with the remainder of the repertoire.

Repertoire

For the Hangul syllables used to write the Korean language, all references converget on the set of 11,172 Hangul syllables contained in Unicode since version 2.0. These Hangul Syllables are sometimes called Johab, the name originating from the initial standard in which they were defined: KSC C 5601-1992 , and the encoding in which they were represented in that standard. One part of that standard also defines a subset (known as Wansung) which consists of 2,350 Hangul syllables. KSC C5601-1992 later became KS X 1001:2004.

The text in [700] recommends to only use the 2,350 Wansung code points, but given the large deployment of platforms supporting the full Johab repertoire, this recommendation is considered unnecessary in the context of this LGR.

At time of development there was no established practice for the use of Korean ideographs (Hanja) derived from Chinese ideographs (Hanzi) in IDNA labels. Hanja characters are rarely used in Korea (North or South). Therefore it does not seem necessary to add them in a Second Level LGR for Korean Language at this point.

For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the ASCII digits, U+0030 to U+0039; the ASCII lowercase letters, U+0061 to U+007A; and U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, for a total of 11,209 repertoire elements.

Unlike many other non-Latin Second Level Reference LGRs, the Korean Language LGR includes the basic ASCII Latin letters (a to z) because it is common practice in Korean text to mix Korean and ASCII. Therefore including these letters is not seen as creating added confusability or security risks in the context of a Second Level LGR for the Korean language. It is also supported by current IDNA practice, see [700], for example.

Variants

No variants are applicable when using the LGR in a standalone fashion.

Character Classes

This LGR does not define named character classes.

Rules

Common Rules

By default, the LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟.

  • Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [150]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
  • Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [150].

Actions

This LGR includes the default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].

Methodology and Contributors

The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Korean Language was developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, verified in expert reviews by Lu Qin and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.

Changes from Version Dated 10 October 2016

Language tags have been updated.

Changes from Version Dated 18 May 2021

Unicode Version has been updated.

Changes from Version Dated 25 October 2024

Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Korean Language [Ref-LGR-ko-Kore] without normative changes.

References

General references for the language:

  • Wikipedia: “Korean language”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language

  • Omniglot: Korean https://www.omniglot.com/writing/korean.htm

Other references cited in this document:

[Ref-LGR-ko-Kore]
ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Korean Language (ko-Kore), 25 October 2024 (XML) https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-korean-hangul-language-25oct24-en.xml non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-korean-hangul-language-25oct24-en.html
[RFC 7940]
Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[Unicode 11.0.0]
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1) https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/

In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, reference [150] indicates the source for common rules. For more details, see the Table of References below.

Repertoire

Glyph Code point Tags and context Variants
- U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS 0 HYPHEN-MINUS Tagsc:Zyyy Contextnot hyphen-minus-disallowed
0 U+0030 DIGIT ZERO 0 DIGIT ZERO; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
1 U+0031 DIGIT ONE 0 DIGIT ONE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
2 U+0032 DIGIT TWO 0 DIGIT TWO; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
3 U+0033 DIGIT THREE 0 DIGIT THREE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
4 U+0034 DIGIT FOUR 0 DIGIT FOUR; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
5 U+0035 DIGIT FIVE 0 DIGIT FIVE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
6 U+0036 DIGIT SIX 0 DIGIT SIX; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
7 U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN 0 DIGIT SEVEN; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
8 U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT 0 DIGIT EIGHT; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
9 U+0039 DIGIT NINE 0 DIGIT NINE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
a U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER A Tagsc:Latn
b U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER B Tagsc:Latn
c U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER C Tagsc:Latn
d U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER D Tagsc:Latn
e U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER E Tagsc:Latn
f U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER F Tagsc:Latn
g U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER G Tagsc:Latn
h U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER H Tagsc:Latn
i U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER I Tagsc:Latn
j U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER J Tagsc:Latn
k U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER K Tagsc:Latn
l U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER L Tagsc:Latn
m U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER M Tagsc:Latn
n U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER N Tagsc:Latn
o U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER O Tagsc:Latn
p U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER P Tagsc:Latn
q U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q Tagsc:Latn
r U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER R Tagsc:Latn
s U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER S Tagsc:Latn
t U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER T Tagsc:Latn
u U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER U Tagsc:Latn
v U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER V Tagsc:Latn
w U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER W Tagsc:Latn
x U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER X Tagsc:Latn
y U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y Tagsc:Latn
z U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z 0 100 700 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z Tagsc:Latn
가 U+AC00–U+D7A3 11172 code points HANGUL SYLLABLE GA 1 100 110 401 700 Tagsc:Hang

Rules

Conditions evaluated against a whole label, or against the context around a single code point. The notation borrows from regular expressions: ^ and $ anchor to the start and end of a label, . matches any code point, (?= ) and (?<= ) look ahead and behind, and * and + repeat. Two symbols are specific to rulesets: ◆ is the code point being tested, and ⟨name⟩ refers to another rule.

leading-combining-mark MSR default 150

RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks

^ ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc})
Structure
  • ^ start
  • ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc}) union
    • {gc:Mn} class
    • {gc:Mc} class
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 1 (invalid)

hyphen-minus-disallowed MSR default 150

RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS

( ( (?<= ^ ) ◆ ) │ ( ◆ (?= $ ) ) │ ( (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ ) )
Structure
  • ( ( (?<= ^ ) ◆ ) │ ( ◆ (?= $ ) ) │ ( (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ ) ) choice
    • (?<= ^ ) ◆ rule no leading hyphen
      • (?<= ^ ) look-behind
        • ^ start
      • ◆ anchor
    • ◆ (?= $ ) rule no trailing hyphen
      • ◆ anchor
      • (?= $ ) look-ahead
        • $ end
    • (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ rule no consecutive hyphens in third and fourth
      • (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) look-behind
        • ^ start
        • . any
        • . any
        • U+002D char hyphen-minus
      • ◆ anchor
Referenced by 1 definition
  • negative context of U+002D

Actions

Actions are evaluated in the order shown. The first action whose conditions match determines the disposition of the label.

# Disposition Conditions
1 invalid label matches leading-combining-mark by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid
2 valid any label default catch all (default action)

References

RefSource
0 The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
1 The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 2.0
100 Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), Korean https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/korean-lang-ref-table.txt accessed on 2016-10-16
110 KS X 1001:2004, Code for Information Interchange (Hangueul and Hanja)
150 RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891
401 The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository.- CLDR Version 28 (2015-09-16)- Locale Data Summary for Korean [ko]- https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/ko.html
Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters
700 KRNIC (.kr cctld Korean Register) https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/kr_ko-kr_1.0.html