Latin

Latin (script)

Second-Level Reference Label Generation Rules, 25 October 2024 Current

Download lgr-second-level-latin-script-25oct24-en.xml (81.0kb)

Summary

Version1 — Second Level Reference LGR
Date
Tag und-Latn (Latin)
Unicode11.0.0
Source filelgr-second-level-latin-script-25oct24-en.xml (81.0kb)

This ruleset is integrated into the Common (integrated set) ruleset of this release.

Description

INSTRUCTIONS

  • These instructions cover how to adopt an LGR based on this reference LGR for a given zone and how to prepare the file for deposit in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices.
  • As described the IANA procedure (https://www.iana.org/help/idn-repository-procedure) an LGR MUST contain the following elements in its header:
    • Script or Language Designator (see below for guidance)
    • Version Number (this must increase with each amendment to the LGR, even if the updates are limited to the header itself)
    • Effective Date (the date at which the policy becomes applicable in operational use)
    • Registry Contact Details (contact name, email address, and/or phone number)
  • The following information is optional:
    • Document creation date
    • Applicable Domain(s)
    • Changes made to the Reference LGR before adopting

Please add or modify the following items in the XML source code for this file before depositing the document in the IANA Repository. (https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables)

Meta Data

Note: version numbers start at 1. RFC 7940 recommends using simple integers. The version comment is optional, please replace or delete the default comment. Version comments may be used by some tools as part of the page header.

<version comment="[Please replace (or delete) the optional comment]">[Please fill in version number, starting at 1]</version>

<date>[Please fill in with publication date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</date>

<validity-start>[Please fill in effective date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</validity-start>

Note: the scope element may be repeated, so that the same document can serve for multiple domains.

<scope type="domain">[Please provide, in ".domain" format]</scope>

Registry Contact Information:

Please fill in the Registry Contact Details.

Change History

If you made technical modifications to the LGR, please summarize them in the Change History (and also note the details in the appropriate section of the description).

PLEASE DELETE THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE DEPOSITING THE DOCUMENT

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Registry Contact Details

  • Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
  • Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
  • Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]

Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script

Overview

This document specifies a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Latin script for the second level domain or domains identified above. The starting point for the development of this LGR can be found in the related Root Zone LGR [RZ-LGR-Latn]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Latin Script” [Ref-LGR-und-Latn], for details, see Change History below.

For details and additional background on the Latin script, see “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)” [Proposal-Latin].

Repertoire

The repertoire contains the 197 letters needed to write hundreds of languages in the Latin script. An additional 7 combining diacritical marks are available as part of 21 explicitly defined combining sequences. The repertoire is a subset of [Unicode 11.0.0]. For details, see Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Latin]. (The proposal cited has been adopted for the Latin script portion of the Root Zone LGR.)

Compared to that source, an additional language is supported by adding the code point for the Middle Dot used in the Catalan Ela Geminada: U+006C U+00B7 U+006C. Context rules limit U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT to being bracketed by the letter “l”. (See also [280])

For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the ASCII digits, U+0030 to U+0039, plus U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, for a total of 231 repertoire elements.

Any code points outside the Latin Script repertoire that are targets for out-of-repertoire variants would be included here only if the variant is listed in this file. In this case they are identified as a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. Whether or not they are listed, they do not form part of the repertoire.

Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used and one or more other character categories. For each repertoire element, one or more references document sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see the “References” below. For code points that are part of the repertoire, comments identify the languages using the code point along with their [EGIDS] level.

Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It

The Latin script is a major writing system of the world, and the most widely used in terms of the number of languages and speakers, with circa 70% of the world’s readers and writers making use of this script. From a list of 1,189 languages using the Latin script [Omniglot] the 212 languages that were taken into consideration contain all 182 languages with [EGIDS] level 1–4 together with many languages with EGIDS level 5, each spoken by more than 1 million estimated speakers. Altogether over 100 languages are cited here to justify specific additions to the repertoire, but many other languages may also be written using some subset of the repertoire of this LGR. In a few cases, code points were excluded in [MSR-5] due to security concerns; for the affected languages, only a subrepertoire could be supported. More details in Section 3, “Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It” of [Proposal-Latin].

Variants

The variants defined in this LGR are limited to those required for use in zones not shared with any other script. As such, this LGR does not define cross-script variants. However, using this LGR concurrently with any LGR for Armenian, Cyrillic, and Greek in the same zone will introduce some in-script variants due to cross-script variant transitivity. This will also create potential cross-script issues when used with the same LGRs. For details, see Section 6, “Variants” in [Proposal-Latin]. Mitigation of these in-script and cross-script variants can be addressed by using the Common LGR. For details, see Section 3, “Use of Multiple Reference LGRs in the Same Zone” in [Level-2-Overview]. In addition to variants defined by this LGR, the full variant information related to this script and added by concurrent use with the Armenian, Cyrillic, and Greek LGR(s) can be found in the following LGR: [Ref-LGR-Latin-Full-Variant-Script]

In particular, the Latin LGR contains a number of in-script variants resulting from transitivity with variants needed if the LGR is used concurrently with other LGRs from the related scripts, primarily due to variants with the Greek script. These variant definitions are required when using this LGR together with the Common LGR in label processing, but they also reflect a certain consistency in the approach to variants across typographically related scripts. They can be removed if the LGR is used strictly as standalone.

All other in-script variants defined in this LGR largely follow the methodology defined in Section 6, “Variants”, in [Proposal-Latin]. In a separate appendix that proposal identifies additional candidates for visually confusable code points (see [Proposal-Latin-Appendices]). They provide data on the basis of which additional variants, or fallback variants (see following) might be defined. However, doing so would require additional review and analysis that has not been carried out for this version of the LGR.

The LGR defines certain allocatable fallback variants as described in Section 4.5.5 “Allocatable Fallback Variants” in [Level-2-Overview]. A fallback variant is a variant label that uses substitute code points for code points or sequences not available (or not allowed) in some contexts, that would otherwise be required for a linguistically accurate rendering of some label.

When “fallback” variants are defined, two labels may be allocated: a single label with the spelling preferred by the applicant, plus a single fallback variant for that label. The fallback exclusively uses the fallback characters for any characters for which fallbacks are defined, while the “preferred” label may use any otherwise valid mix of code points. If the fallback variant is the one applied for, no other variant label is allocatable.

An allocatable fallback variant exists for the following pairs where the second element of each pair is the fallback:

  • U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT and U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS — the use of the hyphen as fallback for the middle dot in the Catalan Ela Geminada follows registry practice, see [281]. The variant is limited to an Ela Geminada context.

  • U+00DF LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S and the sequence of two letters “ss” (U+0073 U+0073) — IDNA2003 Compatibility: in IDNA2003, U+00DF LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S is mapped into “ss” (U+0073 U+0073). Note: the fallback is also used outside domain names, but also used in locale variants of German and the standard spelling.
  • U+0131 LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I and U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I — IDNA2003 Compatibility: in IDNA2003, U+0131 LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I is mapped into U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I.

Some second level LGRs provide ASCII fallback variants for some or all accented Latin characters. Likewise the U+0153 Small OE Ligature and U+00E6 Small AE ligature have ASCII fallbacks consisting of the non-ligated “oe” and “ae” sequences. None of these fallbacks have been added to the current version of the LGR.

Overlapped Variant Sequence: Both “ss” and “s” coexist in the repertoire and “s” has variant relationships on its own. These variants thus overlap: making the variant set well-behaved for index variant calculation requires that the sequence “ss” also be given variants to all permutations of variants for the letter s followed by itself, as well as all transitive variants due to other variants for U+00DF.

In-script Variant Mapping Types

In each of the fallback variant pairs defined above, the mapping type from the first element to the second is of type “fallback”, while the variant type for the other direction is “blocked”. In addition, the first element of each pair uses the reflexive mapping “r-original”. (By convention, the prefix “r-” marks a type used in a reflexive variant mapping, that is, it represents an instance of the original code point at that location in a variant label, see Section 5.3.4 in [RFC 7940].)

Variant Disposition: Except for limited exceptions for the fallback variants defined above, variants defined here result in a variant label disposition of “blocked”.

The specification of variants in this LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Character Classes

This LGR does not define named character classes.

Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context rules

Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

By default, the LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟.

  • Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [320]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
  • Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [320].

Latin-specific Rules

The following context rule applies to U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT and its variants. It ensures that the middle dot is part of an Ela Geminada sequence and variants between it and HYPHEN-MINUS are only defined in that context.

  • surrounded-by-L — code points are invalid and variants undefined when not surrounded by “l”

The following WLE rule invalidates labels in which two Ela Geminada sequences overlap.

  • dot-L-dot — labels sharing a single “l” with two different middle dots are invalid

Actions

Default Actions

This LGR includes the default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].

Because this LGR defines allocatable fallback variants the following default actions are applicable.

  • blocked — a variant label containing a blocked variant will receive a disposition of “blocked”.
  • r-original — a label containing one or more of this reflexive variant type and no others represents an original label and receives a disposition of “valid”.
  • fallback — a label containing one or more of these variant types and no others represents a label that contains only fallback variants and receives a disposition of “allocatable”.
  • fallback plus other — any label remaining containing both this variant type and any others receives a disposition of “blocked”.

These actions resolve as “allocatable” any label where all variants are of type “fallback”, and as “valid” any label where all variants are of type “r-original”. Labels with a mix of variant types are resolved as “blocked”.

To account for original code points in a permuted variant, reflexive variant mappings with an “r-” prefix are used. (See [RFC 7940]). In particular, the mapping type “r-original” is given to any code point that has a fallback mapping, but that appears in its non-fallback form in the original label, and thus “maps to itself”.

Default actions that are triggered by the LGR-specific variant types described above limit the “allocatable” variant labels to those containing only “ss”, dotted “i” or hyphen variants, while disallowing mixed use of “ss” and “ß”, Dotless i and “i”, or middle-dot and hyphen respectively, except as in the original applied-for label.

Note that the mapping types for variants are not symmetric: they depend on which code point is considered the source or the target in a given mapping. As specified in [RFC 7940], when mapping types are evaluated code points in a label that are unchanged use the type of their “reflexive” mapping. Per [RFC 7940] the actions are always applied one after the other, and the evaluation stops at the first action that assigns a disposition to a given label.

Script-specific Actions

An action has been defined to invalidate labels containing the sequence U+00B7 U+006C U+00B7 which could otherwise result in two Ela Geminada sequences overlapping.

Methodology and Contributors

The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Latin Script was developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, based on the Root Zone LGR for the Latin script and information contained or referenced therein; see [RZ-LGR-Latn]. Suitable extensions for the second level have been applied according to the [Guidelines] and with community input. The original proposal for a Root Zone LGR for the Latin script, that this LGR is based on, was developed by the Latin Generation Panel. For more information on methodology and contributors to the underlying Root Zone LGR, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Latin], as well as [RZ-LGR-Overview].

Changes from Version Dated 25 October 2024

Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Latin Script [Ref-LGR-und-Latn] without normative changes.

References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]
Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,” documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)
[Guidelines]
ICANN, “Guidelines for Developing Reference LGRs for the Second Level”, (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 27 May 2020), https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/lgr-guidelines-second-level-27may20-en.pdf
[Level-2-Overview]
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, (ICANN),“Reference Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Second Level: Overview and Summary” (PDF), (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 25 October 2024), https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/level2-lgr-overview-summary-25oct24-en.pdf
[MSR-5]
Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-5 Overview and Rationale”, 24 June 2021, https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-5-overview-24jun21-en.pdf
[Omniglot]
Omniglot, “Writing Systems by Language”, https://www.omniglot.com/writing/langalph.htm (accessed on 13 January 2022)
[Proposal-Latin]
Latin Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 27 January 2022 (PDF), https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-latin-lgr-27jan22-en.pdf
[Proposal-Latin-Appendices]
Appendices to “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 27 January 2022 (ZIP), https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-latin-lgr-appendices-27jan22-en.zip
[Ref-LGR-und-Latn]
ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script (und-Latn), 25 October 2024 (XML) https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latin-script-25oct24-en.xml non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latin-script-25oct24-en.html
[Ref-LGR-Latin-Full-Variant-Script]
ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script (und-Latn), 25 October 2024 (XML) https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latin-full-variant-script-25oct24-en.xml non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latin-full-variant-script-25oct24-en.html
[RFC 7940]
Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RFC 8228]
A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-Overview]
Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-5): Overview and Summary”, 26 May 2022 (PDF), https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-overview-26may22-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-5]
Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-5)”, 26 May 2022 (XML), https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-common-26may22-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-common-26may22-en.html
[RZ-LGR-Latn]
ICANN, Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script (und-Latn), 26 May 2022 (XML) https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-latin-script-26may22-en.xml
[SIL-Ethnologue]
David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version available as https://www.ethnologue.com
[Unicode 11.0.0]
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1) https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/

For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Latin Script for the second level please see details in the Table of References below.

References [0] and up refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [101] and up correspond to a source given in [Proposal-Latin] for justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, reference [320] indicates the source for common rules.

Repertoire

Glyph Code point Tags and context Variants
- U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS 0 HYPHEN-MINUS; Tagsc:Zyyy Contextnot hyphen-minus-disallowed · U+00B7 blocked Middle dot in Ela Geminada
0 U+0030 DIGIT ZERO 0 DIGIT ZERO; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
1 U+0031 DIGIT ONE 0 DIGIT ONE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
2 U+0032 DIGIT TWO 0 DIGIT TWO; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
3 U+0033 DIGIT THREE 0 DIGIT THREE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
4 U+0034 DIGIT FOUR 0 DIGIT FOUR; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
5 U+0035 DIGIT FIVE 0 DIGIT FIVE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
6 U+0036 DIGIT SIX 0 DIGIT SIX; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
7 U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN 0 DIGIT SEVEN; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
8 U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT 0 DIGIT EIGHT; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
9 U+0039 DIGIT NINE 0 DIGIT NINE; TagCommon-digitTagsc:Zyyy
a U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn á U+00E1 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
a̱ U+0061U+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER A + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 129 146 Nuer (4)
b U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
c U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
d U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
e U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
e̱ U+0065U+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 146 Nuer (4)
f U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ƒ U+0192 blocked Generally acceptable alternate glyph
g U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
g̃ U+0067U+0303 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER G + COMBINING TILDE 142 143 Guarani (1) ḡ U+1E21 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
h U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
i U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn í U+00ED blocked Required for use with Common LGR ï U+00EF blocked Required for use with Common LGR ı U+0131 blocked IDNA2003 Compatibility ɩ U+0269 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ỉ U+1EC9 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
i̱ U+0069U+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER I + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 146 Nuer (4)
j U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
k U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
l U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
m U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
m̧ U+006DU+0327 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER M + COMBINING CEDILLA 136 213 214 Marshallese (1)
n U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ń U+0144 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ŋ U+014B blocked Required for use with Common LGR ṅ U+1E45 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
n̄ U+006EU+0304 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER N + COMBINING MACRON 136 200 213 Raga (Hano) (3), Marshallese (1) ñ U+00F1 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
n̈ U+006EU+0308 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER N + COMBINING DIAERESIS 276 Malagasy (1)
o U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ó U+00F3 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
o̧ U+006FU+0327 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O + COMBINING CEDILLA 136 Marshallese (1)
o̱ U+006FU+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 129 146 Nuer (4)
p U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
q U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
r U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
r̃ U+0072U+0303 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER R + COMBINING TILDE 147 Hausa (2)
s U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
ss U+0073U+0073 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER S + LATIN SMALL LETTER S Sequence added for variant mapping ß U+00DF blocked IDNA2003 Compatibility
t U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
u U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ú U+00FA blocked Required for use with Common LGR ü U+00FC blocked Required for use with Common LGR ʋ U+028B blocked Required for use with Common LGR
v U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
w U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
x U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
y U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ɣ U+0263 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
z U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
· U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT 0 100 279 280 Catalan (2) L·L - CONTEXTO for MIDDLE DOT in RFC 5892 Tagsc:Zyyy Contextsurrounded-by-L - U+002D fallback Fallback
ß U+00DF LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S 0 119 German (1) Tagsc:Latn ss U+0073 + U+0073 fallback IDNA2003 Compatibility
à U+00E0 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE 0 106 114 130 131 132 Italian (1), French (1), Galician (2), Wolof (4) Tagsc:Latn ả U+1EA3 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
á U+00E1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 103 105 106 107 108
Comment Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Lule Sami (2), Northern Sami (2)
Tagsc:Latn a U+0061 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
â U+00E2 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 106 109 110 113 114 115 116 117 275
Comment Vietnamese (1), Romanian (1), Skolt Sami (2), French (1), Galician (2), West Frisian (1), Friulian (4), Xavante (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ã U+00E3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE 0 141 142 143 144 145 Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Khoekhoe (4) Tagsc:Latn ā U+0101 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ä U+00E4 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 0 107 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129
Comment German (1), Finnish (1), Turkmen (1), Estonian (1), Swedish (1), Lule Sami (2), Yapese (2), Dinka (4), Kaqchikel (4), Bashkir (4), Alsatian (5), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn
å U+00E5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE 0 107 120 123 139 140 Danish (1), Finnish (1), Chamorro (1), Swedish (1), Lule Sami (2) Tagsc:Latn
æ U+00E6 LATIN SMALL LETTER AE 0 102 103 139 Danish (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2) Tagsc:Latn
ç U+00E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA 0 106 114 116 121 127 157 158 159 160 161
Comment Turkish (1), Turkmen (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Azerbaijani (1), Basque (1), Galician (2), Friulian (4), Bashkir (4)
Tagsc:Latn
è U+00E8 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE 0 114 130 175 182 183 French (1), Italian (1), Afrikaans (1), Haitian Creole (1), French (1) Tagsc:Latn
é U+00E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 105 106 114 115 117 130 132 275
Comment French (1), Italian (1), Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Wolof (4), Xavante (4), West Frisian (2)
Tagsc:Latn
ê U+00EA LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 109 114 115 116 158 173 174 175
Comment French (1), Tswana (1), Afrikaans (1), Vietnamese (1), Kurdish (2), West Frisian (2), Friulian (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ë U+00EB LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS 0 114 115 124 126 129 132 175 176 177 179 180
Comment Afrikaans (1), Albanian (1), French (1), Uyghur (2), Yapese (2), Wolof (4), Drehu (4), Kaqchikel (4), West Frisian (2), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ì U+00EC LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE 0 130 206 208 Italian (1) Tagsc:Latn
í U+00ED LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 103 106 127 Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Galician (2), Bashkir (4) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ï U+00EF blocked Required for use with Common LGR ı U+0131 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ɩ U+0269 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ỉ U+1EC9 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
î U+00EE LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 110 114 116 158 175 Afrikaans (1), Romanian (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Friulian (4) Tagsc:Latn
ï U+00EF LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 0 114 115 125 126 175 Afrikaans (1), French (1), Kaqchikel (4), Dinka (4), West Frisian (2) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 blocked Required for use with Common LGR í U+00ED blocked Required for use with Common LGR ı U+0131 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ɩ U+0269 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ỉ U+1EC9 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
ð U+00F0 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH 0 102 103 Faroese (2), Icelandic (1) Tagsc:Latn
ñ U+00F1 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE 0 106 127 132 136 142 143 144 149 160 197 205 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229
Comment Spanish (1), Fula (3), Chamorro (1), Filipino (1), Guarani (1), Chavacano (4), Basque (1), Galician (2), Iloco (3), Quechua (3), Cape Verdean Creole (4), Waray-Waray (3), Wolof (4), Nauruan (3), Lozi (4), Bashkir (4), Marshallese (1), Mandinka (5), Igbo (2)
Tagsc:Latn n̄ U+006E + U+0304 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ò U+00F2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE 0 130 182 183 Italian (1), Haitian Creole (1) Tagsc:Latn ỏ U+1ECF blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ó U+00F3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 105 106 132 152 Spanish (1), Polish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Wolof (4) Tagsc:Latn o U+006F blocked Required for use with Common LGR
ô U+00F4 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 106 109 114 115 116 117 173 174 175 230 275
Comment Tswana (1), Afrikaans (1), Vietnamese (1), French (1), Northern Sotho (1), West Frisian (2), Galician (2), Friulian (4), Xavante (4)
Tagsc:Latn
õ U+00F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE 0 113 117 122 141 142 143 144 145 275
Comment Estonian (1), Skolt Sami (2), Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Xavante (4), Khoekhoe (4)
Tagsc:Latn ō U+014D blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ö U+00F6 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS 0 115 119 120 123 124 125 126 127 129 157 175 179 180 232
Comment German (1), Finnish (1), Afrikaans (1), Turkish (1), Swedish (1), Uygur (2), Yapese (2), Drehu (4), Kaqchikel (4), Dinka (4), Bashkir (4), Chechen (2), 1992 Version, West Frisian (2), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ø U+00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE 0 103 139 Danish (1), Faroese (2) Tagsc:Latn
ù U+00F9 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE 0 114 130 206 245 246 253 Italian (1), French (1), Papiamento (1) Tagsc:Latn ủ U+1EE7 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ú U+00FA LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 103 105 106 115
Comment Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Chuukese (2), West Frisian (2), Galician (2)
Tagsc:Latn u U+0075 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ü U+00FC blocked Required for use with Common LGR ʋ U+028B blocked Required for use with Common LGR
û U+00FB LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 114 115 116 158 175 202 243
Comment Afrikaans (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Miskito (2), West Frisian (2), Friulian (4), Zazaki (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ü U+00FC LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS 0 100 106 114 119 123 126 127 157 159 161 175 179
Comment German (1), Spanish (1), Afrikaans (1), Turkish (1), Swedish (1), French (1), Azeri (1), Basque (1), Galician (2), Uygur (2), Kaqchikel (4), Bashkir (4)
Tagsc:Latn u U+0075 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ú U+00FA blocked Required for use with Common LGR ʋ U+028B blocked Required for use with Common LGR
ý U+00FD LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE 0 101 102 103 121 142 143 Turkmen (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Guarani (1) Tagsc:Latn ỳ U+1EF3 blocked Variant due to transitivity ỷ U+1EF7 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
þ U+00FE LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN 0 102 Icelandic (1) Tagsc:Latn
ÿ U+00FF LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS 0 114 253 257 French (1) Tagsc:Latn
ā U+0101 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON 0 133 134 135 136 Latvian (1), Tongan (1), Hawaiian (2), Marshallese (1) Tagsc:Latn ã U+00E3 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ă U+0103 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE 0 109 110 Vietnamese (1), Romanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ą U+0105 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK 0 137 138 Polish (1), Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ć U+0107 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE 0 150 151 152 Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Polish (1) Tagsc:Latn ċ U+010B blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ĉ U+0109 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ċ U+010B LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE 0 163 Maltese (1) Tagsc:Latn ć U+0107 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
č U+010D LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON 0 108 133 150 151 153 154 Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Latvian (1), Slovak (1), Northern Sami (2), Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ď U+010F LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON 0 101 153 Czech (1), Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
đ U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE 0 108 109 150 151 168 Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Vietnamese (1), Northern Sami (2), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn
ē U+0113 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON 0 133 134 135 184 Latvian (1), Hawaiian (2), Tongan (1), Minangkabau (5) Tagsc:Latn ẽ U+1EBD blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ė U+0117 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE 0 138 154 Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ę U+0119 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK 0 138 152 154 185 Polish (1), Palauan (2), Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ě U+011B LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CARON 0 101 172 Czech (1), Sorbian (4) Tagsc:Latn
ĝ U+011D LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ğ U+011F LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE 0 127 157 159 201 202 Turkish (1), Tatar (2), Azeri (1), Bashkir (4), Zaza (5) Tagsc:Latn ǧ U+01E7 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ġ U+0121 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE 0 163 Maltese (1) Tagsc:Latn ģ U+0123 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ģ U+0123 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA 0 133 168 Latvian (1), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn ġ U+0121 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ĥ U+0125 LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ħ U+0127 LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE 0 163 Maltese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ĩ U+0129 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE 0 142 143 145 186 209 Guarani (1), Cubeo (3), Khoekhoe (4), Kikuyu (5) Tagsc:Latn ī U+012B blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ī U+012B LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON 0 133 134 135 138 Latvian (1), Lithuanian (1), Hawaiian (2), Tongan (1) Tagsc:Latn ĩ U+0129 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
į U+012F LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK 0 154 Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ı U+0131 LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I 0 157 159 201 203 Turkish (1), Tatar (2), Azeri (1) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 fallback IDNA2003 Compatibility í U+00ED blocked Required for use with Common LGR ï U+00EF blocked Required for use with Common LGR ɩ U+0269 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ỉ U+1EC9 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ĵ U+0135 LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ķ U+0137 LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA 0 133 Latvian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ĺ U+013A LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE 0 153 Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
ļ U+013C LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA 0 133 168 213 214 Latvian (1), Marshallese (1), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn
ľ U+013E LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON 0 153 Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
ł U+0142 LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE 0 152 Polish (1) Tagsc:Latn
ń U+0144 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE 0 107 152 168 172 Polish (1), Lule Sami (2), Sorbian (4), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn n U+006E blocked Required for use with Common LGR ŋ U+014B blocked Required for use with Common LGR ṅ U+1E45 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ņ U+0146 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA 0 133 136 Latvian (1), Marshallese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ň U+0148 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON 0 101 121 153 Turkmen (1), Czech (1), Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŋ U+014B LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG 0 108 125 129 132 146 148 170 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199
Comment Inari Saami (2), Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Dagbani (Dagomba), (4), Northern Sami (2), Ewondo (3), Luganda (3), Wolof (4), Adzera (4), Nuer (4), Ga (4), Dinka (4), Duala (3), Ewe (3), Soga (5), Alur (5), Mandinka (5), Acholi (5), Bambara (4), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn n U+006E blocked Required for use with Common LGR ń U+0144 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ṅ U+1E45 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
ō U+014D LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON 0 134 135 136 Hawaiian (2), Marshallese (1), Tongan (1) Tagsc:Latn õ U+00F5 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ő U+0151 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE 0 233 234 Hungarian (1) Tagsc:Latn
œ U+0153 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE 0 114 253 French (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŕ U+0155 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE 0 153 168 Slovak (1), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn
ř U+0159 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON 0 101 172 Czech (1), Sorbian (4) Tagsc:Latn
ś U+015B LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE 0 152 258 Polish (1), Montenegrin (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŝ U+015D LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ş U+015F LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA 0 121 127 157 158 159 168 201 202
Comment Turkish (1), Turkmen (1), Kurdish (2), Tatar (2), Azeri (1), Bashkir (4), Brahui (5), Zaza (5)
Tagsc:Latn
š U+0161 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON 0 108 133 150 151 154 174 230
Comment Tswana (1), Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Latvian (1), Northern Sotho (1), Northern Sami (2), Lithuanian (1)
Tagsc:Latn
ť U+0165 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON 0 101 153 Czech (1), Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŧ U+0167 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE 0 108 168 Northern Sami (2), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn
ũ U+0169 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE 0 141 142 143 144 145 209 Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Khoekhoe (4), Kikuyu (5) Tagsc:Latn ū U+016B blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ū U+016B LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON 0 133 134 135 136 138 154 Latvian (1), Hawaiian (2), Lithuanian (1), Marshallese (1), Tongan (1) Tagsc:Latn ũ U+0169 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ŭ U+016D LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ů U+016F LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE 0 101 Czech (1) Tagsc:Latn
ű U+0171 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE 0 233 234 Hungarian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ų U+0173 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK 0 138 154 Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŵ U+0175 LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 247 256 Chichewa (3), Welsh (2) Tagsc:Latn
ŷ U+0177 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 256 Welsh (2) Tagsc:Latn
ź U+017A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE 0 152 168 172 252 258 Polish (1), Brahui (5), Sorbian (4), Montenegrin (1) Tagsc:Latn ż U+017C blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ż U+017C LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE 0 152 163 Polish (1), Maltese (1) Tagsc:Latn ź U+017A blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ž U+017E LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON 0 108 121 133 150 151 153 154 232
Comment Lithuanian (1), Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Turkmen (1), Latvian (1), Slovak (1), Northern Sami (2), Chechen (2) 1925 Version
Tagsc:Latn
ƈ U+0188 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH HOOK 0 277 Serer (5) Tagsc:Latn
ƒ U+0192 LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK 0 170 Ewe (3) Tagsc:Latn f U+0066 blocked Generally acceptable alternate glyph
ƙ U+0199 LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH HOOK 0 147 Hausa (2) Tagsc:Latn
ơ U+01A1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ƥ U+01A5 LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH HOOK 0 277 Serer (5) Tagsc:Latn
ƭ U+01AD LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH HOOK 0 277 Serer (5) Tagsc:Latn
ư U+01B0 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ƴ U+01B4 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK 0 148 149 251 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Fula (3) Tagsc:Latn
ǝ U+01DD LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED E 0 240 Kanuri (3) Tagsc:Latn ə U+0259 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ǧ U+01E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CARON 0 113 Skolt Sami (2) Tagsc:Latn ğ U+011F blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ǩ U+01E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CARON 0 113 Skolt Sami (2) Tagsc:Latn
ǯ U+01EF LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CARON 0 113 Skolt Sami (2) Tagsc:Latn
ș U+0219 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW 3 110 Romanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ț U+021B LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH COMMA BELOW 3 110 Romanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ɍ U+024D LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH STROKE 8 240 Kanuri (3) Tagsc:Latn
ɓ U+0253 LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK 0 147 148 250 Hausa (2), Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Pulaar (3) Tagsc:Latn
ɔ U+0254 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O 0 129 146 148 169 170 189 190 193 194 236 237
Comment Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), Lingala (2), Akan (3), Ewondo (3), Fon (3), Nuer (4), Ga (4), Duala (3), EWE (3), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ɔ̈ U+0254U+0308 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O + COMBINING DIAERESIS 125 DINKA (4)
ɔ̱ U+0254U+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 129 146 Nuer (4)
ɖ U+0256 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL 0 169 170 Fon (3), Ewe (3) Tagsc:Latn
ɗ U+0257 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK 0 147 149 250 Hausa (2), Fula (3) Tagsc:Latn
ə U+0259 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA 0 159 170 190 241 Azeri, Azerbaijani (1), Ewondo (3), Ewe (3), Bugis (3) Tagsc:Latn ǝ U+01DD blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ɛ U+025B LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E 0 129 148 169 170 189 190 193 194 199 212 236 237 238
Comment Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Lingala (2), Akan (3), Ewondo (3), Dagbani (Dagomba), (4), Fon (3), Mossi (3), Ga (4), Ewe (3), Duala (3), Bambara (4), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ɛ̈ U+025BU+0308 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING DIAERESIS 125 129 146 239 Nuer (4), Dinka (4)
ɛ̱ U+025BU+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 129 146 239 Nuer (4)
ɛ̱̈ U+025BU+0331U+0308 sequence of 3 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW + COMBINING DIAERESIS 129 146 239 Nuer (4)
ɠ U+0260 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK 0 278 Kpelle (5) Tagsc:Latn
ɣ U+0263 LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA 0 125 129 146 170 189 Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), Nuer (4), Dinka (4), Ewe (3), Nuer (4) Tagsc:Latn y U+0079 blocked Required for use with Common LGR
ɨ U+0268 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE 0 186 189 210 211 Cubeo (3), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), HIxkaryána (4), Maasai (5) Tagsc:Latn
ɨ̃ U+0268U+0303 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE + COMBINING TILDE 186 Cubeo (3)
ɩ U+0269 LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA 0 148 212 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Mossi (3) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical í U+00ED blocked Required for use with Common LGR ï U+00EF blocked Required for use with Common LGR ı U+0131 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ỉ U+1EC9 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ɲ U+0272 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK 0 199 218 219 Susu (4), Zarma (4), Bambara (4) Tagsc:Latn
ʉ U+0289 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR 0 186 187 211 Cubeo (3), Maasai (5) Tagsc:Latn
ʉ̃ U+0289U+0303 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR + COMBINING TILDE 186 187 Cubeo (3)
ʋ U+028B LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK 0 148 170 212 238 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Mossi (3), Ewe (3) Tagsc:Latn u U+0075 blocked Required for use with Common LGR ú U+00FA blocked Required for use with Common LGR ü U+00FC blocked Required for use with Common LGR
ʒ U+0292 LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH 0 113 189 Skolt Sami (2), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4) Tagsc:Latn
ḓ U+1E13 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn
ḡ U+1E21 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH MACRON 0 200 Raga (Hano) (3) Tagsc:Latn g̃ U+0067 + U+0303 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ḽ U+1E3D LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn
ṅ U+1E45 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn n U+006E blocked Required for use with Common LGR ń U+0144 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ŋ U+014B blocked Required for use with Common LGR
ṉ U+1E49 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW 0 220 Pitjantjatjara (4) Tagsc:Latn
ṋ U+1E4B LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn
ṣ U+1E63 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW 0 254 Yoruba (2) Tagsc:Latn
ṭ U+1E6D LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW 0 242 Mizo (4) Tagsc:Latn
ṱ U+1E71 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẍ U+1E8D LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS 0 248 249 Mam (4) Tagsc:Latn
ạ U+1EA1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ả U+1EA3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn à U+00E0 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ấ U+1EA5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ầ U+1EA7 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẩ U+1EA9 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẫ U+1EAB LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ậ U+1EAD LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ắ U+1EAF LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ằ U+1EB1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẳ U+1EB3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẵ U+1EB5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ặ U+1EB7 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẹ U+1EB9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW 0 254 Yoruba (2) Tagsc:Latn
ẹ̀ U+1EB9U+0300 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT 254 Yoruba (2)
ẹ́ U+1EB9U+0301 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT 254 Yoruba (2)
ẻ U+1EBB LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẽ U+1EBD LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE 0 117 141 142 143 186 187 275 Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Cubeo (3), Xavante (4) Tagsc:Latn ē U+0113 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ế U+1EBF LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ề U+1EC1 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ể U+1EC3 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ễ U+1EC5 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ệ U+1EC7 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ỉ U+1EC9 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical í U+00ED blocked Required for use with Common LGR ï U+00EF blocked Required for use with Common LGR ı U+0131 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ɩ U+0269 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ị U+1ECB LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW 0 205 Igbo (2) Tagsc:Latn
ọ U+1ECD LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW 0 136 204 205 215 216 254 Igbo (2), Yoruba (2), Marshallese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ọ̀ U+1ECDU+0300 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT 254 Yoruba (2)
ọ́ U+1ECDU+0301 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT 254 Yoruba (2)
ỏ U+1ECF LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn ò U+00F2 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ố U+1ED1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ồ U+1ED3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ổ U+1ED5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ỗ U+1ED7 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ộ U+1ED9 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ớ U+1EDB LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ờ U+1EDD LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ở U+1EDF LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ỡ U+1EE1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ợ U+1EE3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ụ U+1EE5 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW 0 109 204 205 Vietnamese (1), Igbo (2) Tagsc:Latn
ủ U+1EE7 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn ù U+00F9 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ứ U+1EE9 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ừ U+1EEB LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ử U+1EED LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ữ U+1EEF LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ự U+1EF1 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ỳ U+1EF3 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn ý U+00FD blocked Variant due to transitivity ỷ U+1EF7 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ỵ U+1EF5 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ỷ U+1EF7 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn ý U+00FD blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ỳ U+1EF3 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ỹ U+1EF9 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE 0 109 142 Vietnamese (1), Guarani (1) Tagsc:Latn

Identity mappings, where a code point is declared a variant of itself, are required by RFC 7940 and are omitted here. 105 variant records are declared in total.

Variants

Code points grouped into sets of mutual variants. Every member of a set produces the same set of variant labels, so a registration of one has implications for all the others. Sets of a single member are omitted, as are the identity mappings RFC 7940 requires each member to declare.

List
25 variant sets, containing 102 variants.

Rules

Conditions evaluated against a whole label, or against the context around a single code point. The notation borrows from regular expressions: ^ and $ anchor to the start and end of a label, . matches any code point, (?= ) and (?<= ) look ahead and behind, and * and + repeat. Two symbols are specific to rulesets: ◆ is the code point being tested, and ⟨name⟩ refers to another rule.

leading-combining-mark MSR default 320

RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks

^ ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc})
Structure
  • ^ start
  • ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc}) union
    • {gc:Mn} class
    • {gc:Mc} class
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 1 (invalid)

hyphen-minus-disallowed MSR default 320

RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS

( ( (?<= ^ ) ◆ ) │ ( ◆ (?= $ ) ) │ ( (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ ) )
Structure
  • ( ( (?<= ^ ) ◆ ) │ ( ◆ (?= $ ) ) │ ( (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ ) ) choice
    • (?<= ^ ) ◆ rule no leading hyphen
      • (?<= ^ ) look-behind
        • ^ start
      • ◆ anchor
    • ◆ (?= $ ) rule no trailing hyphen
      • ◆ anchor
      • (?= $ ) look-ahead
        • $ end
    • (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) ◆ rule no consecutive hyphens in third and fourth
      • (?<= ^ . . U+002D ) look-behind
        • ^ start
        • . any
        • . any
        • U+002D char hyphen-minus
      • ◆ anchor
Referenced by 1 definition
  • negative context of U+002D

surrounded-by-L MSR default

code point both follows and precedes L, required context for Ela Geminada

(?<= U+006C ) ◆ (?= U+006C )
Structure
  • (?<= U+006C ) look-behind
    • U+006C char
  • ◆ anchor
  • (?= U+006C ) look-ahead
    • U+006C char
Referenced by 4 definitions
  • variant condition on U+002D
  • context of U+00B7
  • variant condition on U+00B7
  • variant condition on U+00B7

dot-L-dot MSR default

labels with one L sharing two middle dots are invalid

U+00B7 U+006C U+00B7
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 3 (invalid)

Actions

Actions are evaluated in the order shown. The first action whose conditions match determines the disposition of the label.

# Disposition Conditions
1 invalid label matches leading-combining-mark labels with leading combining marks are invalid MSR default
2 invalid any variant is out-of-repertoire-var any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid MSR default
3 invalid label matches dot-L-dot labels with one L sharing two middle dots are invalid
4 blocked any variant is blocked any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked MSR default
5 allocatable all variants are allocatable variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable MSR default
6 allocatable all variants are fallback any label with all variants of type fallback is allocatable MSR default
7 blocked any variant is fallback any variant label with a mix of variant forms is blocked MSR default
8 valid all variants are r-original any remaining label containing only original code points is valid MSR default
9 valid any label default catch all (default action) MSR default

References

RefSource
0 The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
3 The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 3.0
8 The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 5.0
99 C0 Controls and Basic Latin, The Unicode Standard https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf
Any code point cited is part of the Basic Latin (ASCII) set
100 ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for Spanish https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-spanish-30aug16-en.html (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
101 Omniglot, Czech (čeština) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/czech.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
102 Omniglot, Icelandic (Íslenska) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/icelandic.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
103 Omniglot, Faroese (føroyskt mál) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/faroese.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
105 Omniglot, Chuukese (Chuuk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chuukese.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
106 ScriptSource, Galician written with Latin script https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&key=gl-Latn (Accessed on 1 May 2023)
107 Omniglot, Lule Sámi (julevsámegiella) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lulesami.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
108 Wikipedia, Northern Sami https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
109 Omniglot, Vietnamese (tiếng việt / 㗂越) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/vietnamese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
110 Omniglot, Romanian (limba română) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/romanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
113 Omniglot, Skolt Sámi (Sääˊmǩiõll / Nuõrttsää’m) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/skoltsami.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
114 Omniglot, French (français) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/french.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
115 Omniglot, West Frisian (Frysk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/westfrisian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
116 Omniglot, Friulian (furlan/marilenghe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/friulian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
117 Summer Institute of Linguistics, Pequeno dicionário: Xavante-Português, Português-Xavante https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/17019 (Accessed on 1 October 2020)
119 Omniglot, German (Deutsch) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/german.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
120 Omniglot, Finnish (suomi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/finnish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
121 Omniglot, Turkmen (Türkmen dili / Түркмен дили) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkmen.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
122 Omniglot, Estonian (eesti keel) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/estonian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
123 Omniglot, Swedish (svenska) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/swedish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
124 Omniglot, Yapese (Waab) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yapese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
125 Omniglot, Dinka (Thuɔŋjäŋ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dinka.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
126 Omniglot, Kaqchikel (Kaqchikel Ch’ab’äl) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kaqchikel.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
127 Omniglot, Bashkir/Bashkort (Башҡорт теле / Başqort tele) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bashkir.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
128 Omniglot, Alsatian (Ëlsässisch) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/alsatian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
129 Wikipedia, Nuer language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuer_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
130 Omniglot, Italian (italiano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/italian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
131 Wikipedia, Italian orthography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
132 Omniglot, Wolof (Wollof) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/wolof.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
133 Omniglot, Latvian (latviešu valoda) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/latvian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
134 Omniglot, Tongan (Faka-Tonga) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tongan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
135 Omniglot, Hawaiian (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hawaiian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
136 Omniglot, Marshallese (kajin m̧ajeļ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/marshallese.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
137 Omniglot, Polish (polski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/polish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
138 Omniglot, Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lithuanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
139 Omniglot, Danish (dansk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/danish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
140 Omniglot, Chamorro (chamoru) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chamorro.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
141 Omniglot, Umbundu (Úmbúndú) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/umbundu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
142 Omniglot, Guaraní (Avañe’ẽ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/guarani.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
143 Wikipedia, Guarani alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
144 Omniglot, Nauruan (Ekaiairũ Naoero) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nauruan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
145 Omniglot, Khoekhoe (Khoekhoegowab) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khoekhoe.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
146 Omniglot, Nuer (Naath) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nuer.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
147 Omniglot, Hausa (Harshen Hausa / هَرْشَن هَوْسَ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
148 Omniglot, Dagaare https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dagaare.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
149 Omniglot, Fula (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular’Fulaare) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/fula.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
150 Omniglot, Croatian (Hrvatski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/croatian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
151 Omniglot, Serbian (српски / srpski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/serbian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
152 Wikipedia, Polish language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
153 Omniglot, Slovak (slovenčina) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/slovak.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
154 Evertype Publishing, Lithuanian lietuvių kalba Version 1.1 https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/lithuanian.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
157 Omniglot, Turkish (Türkçe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
158 Omniglot, Kurdish (Kurdî / کوردی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
159 Omniglot, Azerbaijani (آذربايجانجا ديلي / Азәрбајҹан дили / Azərbaycan dili) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/azeri.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
160 Omniglot, Basque (euskara) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/basque.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
161 Wikipedia, Basque language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language#Writing_system (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
163 Omniglot, Maltese (Malti) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maltese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
164 Omniglot, Venda (Tshivenḓa / Luvenḓa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/venda.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
168 Omniglot, Brahui (Bráhuí / براوی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahui.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
169 Wikipedia, Fon language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
170 Omniglot, Ewe (Eʋegbe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewe.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
172 Omniglot, Sorbian (hornjoserbsce/dolnoserbski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sorbian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
173 Peace corps, Botswana, An Introduction to Setswana Language https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/audio/languagelessons/botswana/Bw_Setswana_Language_Lessons.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
174 Omniglot, Tswana (Setswana) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tswana.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
175 Wikipedia, Afrikaans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
176 Omniglot, Albanian (shqip / gjuha shqipe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/albanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
177 Wikipedia, Albanian alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
179 Wikipedia, Uyghur Latin alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
180 Omniglot, Drehu (Deʼu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/drehu.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
182 Omniglot, Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haitiancreole.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
183 Wikipedia, Haitian Creole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole#Orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
184 Omniglot, Minangkabau (Baso Minangkabau / باسو مينڠكاباو) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/minangkabau.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
185 Omniglot, Palauan (a tekoi er a Belau) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/palauan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
186 Omniglot, Cubeo (pãmié) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/cubeo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
187 Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo, Diccionario Ilustrado Bilingüe cubeo-español español-cubeo https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/58/27/10582785843693992331766506069073895620/40337_01.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
188 Omniglot, Inari Saami (Anarâškielâ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/inarisami.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
189 Omniglot, Compiled by Wolfram Siegel, DAGBANI https://www.omniglot.com/charts/dagbani.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
190 Omniglot, Ewondo https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewondo.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
191 Omniglot, Luganda (Oluganda) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ganda.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
192 Omniglot, Adzera https://www.omniglot.com/writing/adzera.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
193 Omniglot, Ga (Gã) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
194 Omniglot, Duala (Duálá) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/duala.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
195 Omniglot, Soga (Lusoga) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/soga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
196 Omniglot, Alur (Lur) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/alur.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
197 Omniglot, Mandinka (Mandi’nka kango / لغة مندنكا) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mandinka.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
198 Omniglot, Acholi (Lwo) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/acholi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
199 Omniglot, Bambara (Bamanankan) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bambara.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
200 Omniglot, Raga (Hano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/raga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
201 Omniglot, Tatar (tatarça / татарча / تاتارچا) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
202 Omniglot, Zaza (Zazaki / زازاکی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zazaki.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
203 Wikipedia, Turkish alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
204 School of English, Adam Michiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 43(1),2007, pp. 169-180, A Demographic Igbo Orthography https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/psicl.2007.43.issue-1/v10010-007-0009-0/v10010-007-0009-0.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
205 Omniglot, Igbo (Asụsụ Igbo) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/igbo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
206 ItalianPod101, Italian Accents and Proper Italian Pronunciation https://www.italianpod101.com/italian-accents (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
208 Reverso Dictionary, venerdì translation | Italian-English dictionary https://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/venerd%C3%AC (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
209 Omniglot, Kikuyu (Gĩkũyũ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kikuyu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
210 Omniglot, Hixkaryána https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hixkaryana.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
211 Omniglot, Maasai (ɔl Maa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maasai.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
212 Omniglot, Mossi (Mòoré) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mossi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
213 Omniglot, Jenesis. The Bible in Marshallese, 2009., Contributed by Wolfgang Kuhl https://www.omniglot.com/babel/marshallese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
214 Wikipedia, Cedilla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedilla#Marshallese (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
215 Wikipedia, Marshallese language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_language#Display_issues (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
216 Trussel, Marshallese-English Online Dictionary https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/ (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
218 Omniglot, Susu (Sosoxi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/susu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
219 Omniglot, Zarma (Zarmaciine) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zarma.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
220 Omniglot, Pitjantjatjara https://www.omniglot.com/writing/pitjantjatjara.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
221 Omniglot, Spanish (español/castellano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/spanish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
222 Omniglot, Filipino (wikang Filipino) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/filipino.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
223 Omniglot, Chavacano https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chavacano.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
224 Wikipedia, Ilocano language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_language#Modern_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
225 Omniglot, Quechua (Runasimi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/quechua.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
226 Wikipedia, Quechua alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
227 Omniglot, Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kriol.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
228 Omniglot, Waray-Waray https://www.omniglot.com/writing/waray.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
229 Omniglot, Lozi (siLozi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lozi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
230 africanlanguages.com, Sesotho sa Leboa (Northern Sotho) https://africanlanguages.com/northern_sotho/ (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
232 Wikipedia, Chechen language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
233 Omniglot, Hungarian (magyar) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
234 Wikipedia, Hungarian alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
236 Omniglot, Lingala https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lingala.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
237 Omniglot, Akan https://www.omniglot.com/writing/akan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
238 Wikipedia, Mossi language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
239 SIL-Sudan, OCCASIONAL PAPERS in the study of SUDANESE LANGUAGES No. 9 (p. 75) https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/06/46/100646256099282892829790816212446104791/OPSL_9.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
240 Omniglot, Kanuri https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kanuri.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
241 Omniglot, Bugis (Basa Ugi ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bugis.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
242 Omniglot, Mizo (Mizo ṭawng) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mizo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
243 Omniglot, Miskito (Mískitu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/miskito.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
245 Wikipedia, Papiamento https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
246 Omniglot, Papiamento (Papiamentu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/papiamento.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
247 Omniglot, Chichewa (Chicheŵa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chichewa.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
248 Native Languages of the Americas website, Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Mam Words https://www.native-languages.org/mam_words.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
249 Omniglot, Mam (Qyol Mam) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mam.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
250 Wikipedia, Pulaar language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaar_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
251 Wikipedia, Fula language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language#Writing_systems (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
252 Wikipedia, Polish alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
253 Wikipedia, French orthography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
254 Omniglot, Yoruba (Èdè Yorùbá) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yoruba.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
255 Omniglot, Esperanto https://www.omniglot.com/writing/esperanto.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
256 Omniglot, Welsh (Cymraeg) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/welsh.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
257 Wikipedia, List of Latin-script letters https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
258 Omniglot, Montenegrin https://www.omniglot.com/writing/montenegrin.htm (Accessed on 20 March 2019)
275 Omniglot, Shavante https://www.omniglot.com/writing/shavante.php (Accessed on 24 September 2020)
276 Wikipedia, Malagasy Language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language (Accessed on 24 September 2020)
277 Wikipedia, Serer language, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_language, accessed on 6 April 2021
278 Wikipedia, Kpelle language, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpelle_language, accessed on 6 April 2021
279 Wikipedia, Catalan Orthography, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_orthography, accessed on 28 November 2022
280 Fundacio PuntCAT registry (.CAT), IDN table for CAT_ca Version 1.0, 12 February 2006, https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/cat_ca_1.0.html
281 Fundacio PuntCAT registry (.CAT), Rules of the .cat domain, https://domini.cat/en/rules-of-the-cat-domain/
320 RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891