Oriya (script)

Registry Contact Details

• Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
• Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
• Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]

Label Generation Rules for the Oriya Script

Overview

This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Oriya (Odia) script for the second level domain or domains identified above. The starting point for the development of this LGR can be found in the related Root Zone LGR [RZ-LGR-Orya]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Oriya Script” [Ref-LGR-und-Orya], for details, see Change History below.

For details and additional background on the Oriya script, see “Proposal for an Oriya Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)" [Proposal-Oriya].

While Oriya is the name under which the script is encoded in Unicode, and is therefore used here to formally identify the script, the name Odia has become the preferred name in English for both script and language as it is closer to the pronunciation of their native names.

Repertoire

The repertoire contains 62 code points for letters, covering the Oriya (Odia) language as well as all other languages written with the Oriya script and ranging from 1 to 4 on the [EGIDS] scale. The repertoire is a subset of [Unicode 11.0.0]. For details, see Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Oriya]. (The proposal cited has been adopted for the Oriya script portion of the Root Zone LGR.)

For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the ASCII digits, U+0030 to U+0039, plus U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, for a total of 73 repertoire elements.

Any code points outside the Oriya Script repertoire that are targets for out-of-repertoire variants would be included here only if the variant is listed in this file. In this case they are identified as a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. Whether or not they are listed, they do not form part of the repertoire.

Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used and one or more other character categories. For each repertoire element, one or more references document sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see the “References” below. Comments provide alternate names for some code points.

Variants

The variants defined in this LGR are limited to those required for use in zones not shared with any other script. As such, this LGR does not define cross-script variants. However, using this LGR concurrently with any LGR for Malayalam and Myanmar in the same zone will create potential cross-script issues. For details, see Section 6, “Variants” in [Proposal-Oriya]. Mitigation of these cross-script variants can be addressed by using the Common LGR. For details, see Section 3, “Use of Multiple Reference LGRs in the Same Zone” in [Level-2-Overview]. In addition to variants defined by this LGR, the full variant information related to this script and required for concurrent use with the Malayalam and Myanmar LGR(s) can be found in the following LGR: [Ref-LGR-Myanmar-Full-Variant-Script]

This LGR defines no in-script variants. For details, see Section 6, “Variants” in [Proposal-Oriya].

Digit Variants: The Oriya reference LGR does not include native digits, so there are no semantic variants defined.

However, one Oriya digit is a near homoglyph of a European digit of a different value. U+0B68 ORIYA DIGIT TWO is a near homoglyph of U+0039 DIGIT NINE.

Should an extension be contemplated that adds native digits, these might require variant relations. At the same time, however, any native digits would normally be semantic variants of the ASCII digits. In any zone containing multiple scripts, these two types of variant relation for digits may lead to complication once transitivity is applied.

Variant Disposition: All variants are of type “blocked”, making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated, while any other equivalent labels should be blocked. There is no preference among these labels.

This LGR does not define allocatable variants.

The specification of variants in this LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Character Classes

The basic characters in Oriya are classified into eight main categories. They are Consonants, Vowels, Matra, Halant, Nukta, Visarga, Candrabindu and Anusvara.

Consonants: The Oriya script is a syllabic alphabet in which all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to, are used to change the inherent vowel. More details in Section 3.5, “Structured consonants” and Section 3.6, “Unstructured consonants” in [Proposal-Oriya].

Vowels and Matras: A dependent vowel sign or “matra” is used to represent a vowel sound that is not inherent to the consonant. It is always depicted in combination with a single consonant, or with a consonant cluster. When vowels occur independently the are written with standalone vowel letters. More details in Section 3.12, “Matra sign (Dependent Vowel)” in [Proposal-Oriya].

Halant: A Halant, also known as Virama, is used after a consonant to “strip” it of its inherent vowel. The Halant form of a consonant is the form produced by adding the Halant, encoded as U+0B4D ORIYA SIGN VIRAMA to the nominal shape. A Halant follows all but the last consonant in every Oriya syllable. More details in Section 3.7, “The Implicit Vowel Killer Halant” in [Proposal-Oriya].

Nukta: The nukta sign ( ଼ ) is used in the Oriya language just like in many other scripts used in South Asia. It can be commonly used with U+0B21, U+0B22. More details in Section 3.8, “Nukta” in [Proposal-Oriya].

Visarga: U+0B03 ORIYA SIGN VISARGA is frequently used in Sanskrit and represents a sound very close to /h/. More details in Section 3.9, “Visarga & Avagraha” in [Proposal-Oriya].

Nasalization:

Candrabindu: The Candrabindu denotes nasalization of the preceding vowel and consonants as in ଅଁଳା /ãala/name of seasonal fruit (U+0B05 U+0B01 U+0B33 U+0B3E). Oriya users commonly use it for writing the words and sounds of Sanskrit. More details in Section 3.10, “Nasalization: Candrabindu” in [Proposal-Oriya].

Anusvara: Anusvara replaces a conjunct group of a Nasal Consonant+Halant+Consonant belonging to a particular varga (plosive). The Anusvara represents a homorganic nasal. Before a non-varga consonant (non-plosive) the Anusvara represents a nasal sound. More details in Section 3.11, “Anusvara” in [Proposal-Oriya].

Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules

Common Rules

By default, the LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟.

• Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [150]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
• Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [150].

Default Actions

This LGR includes the default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].

Oriya-specific Rules

These rules have been formulated so that they can be adopted for LGR specification.

The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra
V → Vowel
B → Anusvara
H → Halant
N → Nukta
C1 → Consonants used with Nukta
X → Visarga
D → Candrabindu

The rules are:

• 1. N: must be preceded by C1
• 1. B: must be preceded by V, C, N or M
• 3. X: must be preceded by V, C, N or M
• 4. D: must be preceded by V, C, N or M
• 5. H: must be preceded by C or N
• 6. M: must be preceded by C or N

More details in Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)" in [Proposal-Oriya].

Methodology and Contributors

The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Oriya Script was developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, based on the Root Zone LGR for the Oriya script and information contained or referenced therein; see [RZ-LGR-Orya]. Suitable extensions for the second level have been applied according to the [Guidelines] and with community input. The original proposal for a Root Zone LGR for the Oriya script, that this reference LGR is based on, was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP). For more information on methodology and contributors to the underlying Root Zone LGR, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Oriya], as well as [RZ-LGR-Overview].

Changes from Version Dated 15 December 2020

Unicode Version has been updated.

Changes from Version Dated 25 October 2024

Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Oriya Script [Ref-LGR-und-Orya] without normative changes.

References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]

Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,” documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)

[Guidelines]

ICANN, “Guidelines for Developing Reference LGRs for the Second Level”, (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 27 May 2020), https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/lgr-guidelines-second-level-27may20-en.pdf

[Level-2-Overview]

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, (ICANN),“Reference Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Second Level: Overview and Summary” (PDF), (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 25 October 2024), https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/level2-lgr-overview-summary-25oct24-en.pdf

[Proposal-Oriya]

Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, “Proposal for an Oriya Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-set “, 6 March 2019, https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-oriya-lgr-06mar19-en.pdf

[Ref-LGR-Myanmar-Full-Variant-Script]

ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Myanmar Script (und-Mymr), 25 October 2024 (XML) https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-myanmar-full-variant-script-25oct24-en.xml non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-myanmar-full-variant-script-25oct24-en.html

[RFC 7940]

Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940

[RFC 8228]

A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228

[RZ-LGR-Overview]

Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-5): Overview and Summary”, 26 May 2022 (PDF), https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-overview-26may22-en.pdf

[RZ-LGR-Orya]

ICANN, Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Oriya Script (und-Orya), 26 May 2022 (XML) https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-oriya-script-26may22-en.xml

[SIL-Ethnologue]

David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version available as https://www.ethnologue.com

[Ref-LGR-und-Orya]

ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Oriya Script (und-Orya), 25 October 2024 (XML) https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-oriya-script-25oct24-en.xml non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-oriya-script-25oct24-en.html

[Unicode 11.0.0]

The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1) https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/

For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Oriya Script for the second level please see details in the Table of References below.

References [0] and [6] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [101] and above correspond to sources given in [Proposal-Oriya] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, reference [150] indicates the source for common rules.