Arabic

Arabic

Root Zone Label Generation Rules, 6th Edition Current

Download rz-lgr-6-arabic-script-23sep25-en.xml (49.3kb)

Summary

Version6 — Root Zone LGR for the Arabic Script
Date
Tag und-Arab (Arabic)
Unicode16.0.0
ScopeDNS root zone
Source filerz-lgr-6-arabic-script-23sep25-en.xml (49.3kb)
This ruleset in other editions: 6th Edition 5th Edition 4th Edition 3rd Edition 2nd Edition 1st Edition

This ruleset is integrated into the Common (integrated set) ruleset of this release.

Description

Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Arabic Script

Overview

This file contains a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Arabic script for the Root Zone. For more details on this LGR and additional background on the script, see TF-AIDN, “Proposal for Arabic Script Root Zone LGR”, Version 3.4, 18 November 2015 [Proposal-Arabic]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-6]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

Repertoire

The repertoire is described in Section 3.2 of [Proposal-Arabic] and only includes the 128 code points used by languages that are actively written in the Arabic script. It excludes code points for which TF-AIDN was unable to find sufficient evidence of use (see Appendix F in [Proposal-Arabic]).

This LGR does not include combining marks or code point sequences. All combining marks have been excluded for these reasons:

  • First, they can significantly overproduce and would require additional rules to contain them effectively, complicating the design.
  • Second, even where they are required for some languages, they are optional for others.
  • Third, this also circumvents the issue regarding duplication between some precomposed code points and combining sequences raised by [IAB].
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For further details, see Section 3.2, “Code point repertoire included”, in [Proposal-Arabic].

The repertoire is contained in [MSR-6], which is a subset of [Unicode 16.0.0].

As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither decimal digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used. For each repertoire element, one or more references document sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see the “References” below. Comments identify the principal languages or orthographies using the code point. Languages are given with their [EGIDS] level.

Note: use of standard Arabic code points by other languages is not marked.

Variants

This LGR includes “blocked” and “allocatable” variants, assigned according to Section 4, “Final recommendation of variants for Top Level Domains (TLDs)” in [Proposal-Arabic]. These recommendations balance the desire to minimize the number of possible allocatable variants with the need to keep the definition of variants simple. See also the comments given in the listing.

The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Character Classes

This LGR does not define named character classes.

Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules

Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-6]. They are marked with ⍟. The actions compute a label disposition based on WLE rules or variant mapping types.

Arabic-specific Rules and Actions

This LGR includes WLE rules and actions specific to the Arabic script. See Section 5, “Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) rules”, in [Proposal-Arabic]. As specified, the rules and actions serve to prevent the mixing of two variants of the same code point within the same label. This reduces overproduction of variant labels. The rules are listed here with the numbers given in Table 17 in [Proposal-Arabic]. See also the comments given for each rule or action.

  • no-mix-kaf-keheh — WLE Rule 1: do not mix Arabic letters KAF and KEHEH in the same label
  • no-mix-kaf-swash — WLE Rule 2: do not mix Arabic letters KAF and SWASH KAF in the same label
  • no-mix-alef-maksura-farsi-yeh — WLE Rule 3: do not mix Arabic letters ALEF MAKSURA and FARSI YEH in the same label
  • no-mix-heh-goal — WLE Rule 4: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label
  • no-mix-heh-goal-ae — WLE Rule 5: do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label
  • no-mix-heh-ae — WLE Rule 6: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label
  • no-mix-heh-doachashmee — WLE Rule 7: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label
  • no-mix-teh-marbuta-goal — WLE Rule 8: do not mix Arabic letters TEH MARBUTA and TEH MARBUTA GOAL in the same label
  • no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below — WLE Rule 9: do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label
  • no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 10: do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
  • no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below — WLE Rule 11:do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
  • no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above — WLE Rule 12: do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
  • no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above — WLE Rule 13: do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
  • no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf — WLE Rule 14: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label
  • no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 15: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE
  • no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 16: do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label

Methodology and Contributors

The Root Zone LGR for the Arabic script was developed by the Task Force for Arabic Script IDNs [TF-AIDN]. For more information on methodology and contributors, see Section 2 and Appendix H in [Proposal-Arabic], as well as [RZ-LGR-6-Overview].

References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]
Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,” documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)
[IAB]
Internet Architecture Board (IAB), “IAB Statement on Identifiers and Unicode 7.0.0” https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/2015-2/iab-statement-on-identifiers-and-unicode-7-0-0/
[MSR-6]
Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-6 Overview and Rationale”, 23 September 2025, https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf
[Proposal-Arabic]
TF-AIDN, “Proposal for Arabic Script Root Zone LGR”, Version 3.4, 18 November 2015 https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/arabic-lgr-proposal-18nov15-en.pdf
[RFC 6365]
Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, “Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF”, BCP 166, RFC 6365, DOI 10.17487/RFC6365, September 2011, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6365
[RFC 7940]
Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RFC 8228]
A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-6-Overview]
Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-6): Overview and Summary”, 23 September 2025, https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-6]
Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-6)”, 23 September 2025 (XML), https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.html
[SIL-Ethnologue]
David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version available as https://www.ethnologue.com
[Unicode 16.0.0]
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0, (South San Francisco: The Unicode Consortium, 2024. ISBN 978-1-936213-34-4) https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/
[TF-AIDN]
Blog, “Task Force for Arabic Script IDNs” https://www.icann.org/news/blog/what-is-the-task-force-on-arabic-script-idns-tf-aidn-up-to

For references consulted, particularly in designing the repertoire for the Arabic script for the Root Zone, please see details in the Table of References below. References [0] to [12] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [100] and above correspond to sources given in [Proposal-Arabic] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.

Repertoire

Glyph Code point Tags and context Variants
ؠ U+0620 ARABIC LETTER KASHMIRI YEH 11 115 Kashmiri (4) Tagsc:Arab
ء U+0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZA 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
آ U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab أ U+0623 blocked إ U+0625 blocked ا U+0627 allocatable U+0622 ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 ALEF in the Arabic language ٲ U+0672 blocked
أ U+0623 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab آ U+0622 blocked إ U+0625 blocked ا U+0627 allocatable U+0623 ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 ALEF in the Arabic language ٲ U+0672 blocked
ؤ U+0624 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab و U+0648 allocatable U+0624 WAV WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0648 WAV in the Arabic language
إ U+0625 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab آ U+0622 blocked أ U+0623 blocked ا U+0627 allocatable U+0625 ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW is simplified to U+0627 ALEF in the Arabic language ٲ U+0672 blocked
ئ U+0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ى U+0649 blocked ي U+064A blocked ٻ U+067B blocked ی U+06CC blocked ۍ U+06CD blocked ې U+06D0 blocked +1 more
ا U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab آ U+0622 blocked أ U+0623 blocked إ U+0625 blocked ٲ U+0672 blocked
ب U+0628 ARABIC LETTER BEH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ة U+0629 ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ه U+0647 allocatable In the Arabic language, U+0647 HEH may be substituted for U+0629 TEH MARBUTA. [RFC 6365] ھ U+06BE blocked ۀ U+06C0 blocked ہ U+06C1 blocked ۂ U+06C2 blocked ۃ U+06C3 allocatable
Comment The two are visually identical and the same label could be typed using one or the other based on the set language settings and keyboard layout of a user. Labels in the Arabic language using U+0629 TEH MARBUTA in the final and isolated positions will be typed in other languages using U+06C3 TEH MARBUTA GOAL (Urdu, etc.) which is identical in isolated and has a variant glyph or identical glyph form in final position
+1 more
ت U+062A ARABIC LETTER TEH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ٺ U+067A blocked
ث U+062B ARABIC LETTER THEH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ٽ U+067D blocked
ج U+062C ARABIC LETTER JEEM 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ح U+062D ARABIC LETTER HAH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
خ U+062E ARABIC LETTER KHAH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
د U+062F ARABIC LETTER DAL 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ذ U+0630 ARABIC LETTER THAL 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ر U+0631 ARABIC LETTER REH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ز U+0632 ARABIC LETTER ZAIN 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
س U+0633 ARABIC LETTER SEEN 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ش U+0634 ARABIC LETTER SHEEN 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ص U+0635 ARABIC LETTER SAD 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ض U+0636 ARABIC LETTER DAD 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ط U+0637 ARABIC LETTER TAH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ظ U+0638 ARABIC LETTER ZAH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ع U+0639 ARABIC LETTER AIN 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
غ U+063A ARABIC LETTER GHAIN 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ف U+0641 ARABIC LETTER FEH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ق U+0642 blocked ڢ U+06A2 allocatable Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography ڧ U+06A7 blocked
ق U+0642 ARABIC LETTER QAF 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ف U+0641 blocked ڢ U+06A2 blocked ڧ U+06A7 allocatable Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography
ك U+0643 ARABIC LETTER KAF 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ک U+06A9 allocatable
Comment The two have identical shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter
ڪ U+06AA allocatable
Comment The two have similar (interchangeable) shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter
ل U+0644 ARABIC LETTER LAM 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
م U+0645 ARABIC LETTER MEEM 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab
ن U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ں U+06BA allocatable Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography
ه U+0647 ARABIC LETTER HEH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ة U+0629 blocked ھ U+06BE blocked
Comment Labels in the Arabic language using U+0647 HEH in the initial and medial positions will be visually similar in Urdu language to U+06BE LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE
ۀ U+06C0 blocked ہ U+06C1 allocatable
Comment Labels in the Arabic language using U+0647 HEH in the final and isolated positions will be typed in other languages using U+06C1 HEH GOAL (Urdu, Pashto, Saraiki, etc.) which is identical in isolated and has a variant glyph or identical glyph form in final position
ۂ U+06C2 blocked ۃ U+06C3 blocked +1 more
و U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ؤ U+0624 blocked
ى U+0649 ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ئ U+0626 blocked ي U+064A blocked ٻ U+067B blocked ی U+06CC blocked
Comment The two are visually identical and the same label could be typed using one or the other based on the set language settings and keyboard layout of a user
ۍ U+06CD blocked ې U+06D0 blocked +1 more
ي U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH 0 100 Arabic (1) Tagsc:Arab ئ U+0626 blocked ى U+0649 blocked ٻ U+067B blocked ی U+06CC allocatable
Comment The two are visually identical and the same label could be typed using one or the other based on the set language settings and keyboard layout of a user
ۍ U+06CD blocked ې U+06D0 blocked +1 more
ٲ U+0672 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE 0 102 Kashmiri (4) Tagsc:Arab آ U+0622 blocked أ U+0623 blocked إ U+0625 blocked ا U+0627 allocatable U+0672 ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 ALEF in the Kashmiri language
ٹ U+0679 ARABIC LETTER TTEH 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ڻ U+06BB blocked
ٺ U+067A ARABIC LETTER TTEHEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab ت U+062A blocked
ٻ U+067B ARABIC LETTER BEEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab ئ U+0626 blocked ى U+0649 blocked ي U+064A blocked ی U+06CC blocked ۍ U+06CD blocked ې U+06D0 blocked +1 more
ټ U+067C ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH RING 0 108 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab
ٽ U+067D ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE DOWNWARDS 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab ث U+062B blocked
پ U+067E ARABIC LETTER PEH 0 109 Persian (1) Tagsc:Arab ڽ U+06BD blocked ۑ U+06D1 blocked ݒ U+0752 blocked
ٿ U+067F ARABIC LETTER TEHEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ڀ U+0680 ARABIC LETTER BEHEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ځ U+0681 ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH HAMZA ABOVE 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڃ U+0683 ARABIC LETTER NYEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab ڄ U+0684 blocked
ڄ U+0684 ARABIC LETTER DYEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab ڃ U+0683 blocked
څ U+0685 ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab
چ U+0686 ARABIC LETTER TCHEH 0 109 Persian (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڇ U+0687 ARABIC LETTER TCHEHEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ڈ U+0688 ARABIC LETTER DDAL 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab
ډ U+0689 ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH RING 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڊ U+068A ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH DOT BELOW 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ڋ U+068B ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH DOT BELOW AND SMALL TAH 0 110 Saraiki (4) Tagsc:Arab
ڌ U+068C ARABIC LETTER DAHAL 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ڍ U+068D ARABIC LETTER DDAHAL 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ڎ U+068E ARABIC LETTER DUL 0 137 Malay (1) Tagsc:Arab ڏ U+068F blocked
ڏ U+068F ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE DOWNWARDS 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab ڎ U+068E blocked
ڑ U+0691 ARABIC LETTER RREH 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab
ړ U+0693 ARABIC LETTER REH WITH RING 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڕ U+0695 ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL V BELOW 0 106 140 Kurdish (1) Tagsc:Arab
ږ U+0696 ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڗ U+0697 ARABIC LETTER REH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE 0 119 146 ANT Tagsc:Arab
ژ U+0698 ARABIC LETTER JEH 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڙ U+0699 ARABIC LETTER REH WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE 0 111 143 Sindhi (2), Torwali (6b) Tagsc:Arab
ښ U+069A ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڟ U+069F ARABIC LETTER TAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE 0 121 123 130 Hausa (2), Ajami Tagsc:Arab
ڠ U+06A0 ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE 0 107 129 144 Malay (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڢ U+06A2 ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW 0 101 130 131 132 Ajami, Fulfulde (3), Hausa (2) Tagsc:Arab ف U+0641 allocatable ق U+0642 blocked ڧ U+06A7 blocked
ڤ U+06A4 ARABIC LETTER VEH 0 106 107 127 140 Malay (1), Kurdish (1) Tagsc:Arab ڨ U+06A8 blocked
ڦ U+06A6 ARABIC LETTER PEHEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ڧ U+06A7 ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT ABOVE 0 101 130 131 132 Ajami, Fulfulde (3), Hausa (2) Tagsc:Arab ف U+0641 blocked ق U+0642 allocatable ڢ U+06A2 blocked
ڨ U+06A8 ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE 0 124 Western Arabic Tagsc:Arab ڤ U+06A4 blocked
ک U+06A9 ARABIC LETTER KEHEH 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ك U+0643 allocatable ڪ U+06AA allocatable
Comment The two have similar (interchangeable) shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter
ڪ U+06AA ARABIC LETTER SWASH KAF 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab ك U+0643 allocatable ک U+06A9 allocatable
ګ U+06AB ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH RING 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab ڭ U+06AD blocked گ U+06AF blocked U+06AB KAF WITH RING interchangeably used in Pashto with U+06AF GAF ݣ U+0763 blocked
ڭ U+06AD ARABIC LETTER NG 0 105 114 133 134 Kirghiz (1), Uyghur (2) Tagsc:Arab ګ U+06AB blocked گ U+06AF blocked ݣ U+0763 blocked
ڮ U+06AE ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH THREE DOTS BELOW 0 116 ANT Tagsc:Arab
گ U+06AF ARABIC LETTER GAF 0 109 Persian (1) Tagsc:Arab ګ U+06AB blocked ڭ U+06AD blocked ݣ U+0763 blocked
Comment Iraqi Arabic uses U+06AF GAF, whereas Moroccan Arabic uses U+0763 KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE
ڰ U+06B0 ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH RING 0 110 Saraiki (4) Tagsc:Arab
ڱ U+06B1 ARABIC LETTER NGOEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ڳ U+06B3 ARABIC LETTER GUEH 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab
ڵ U+06B5 ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL V 0 106 140 Kurdish (1) Tagsc:Arab
ں U+06BA ARABIC LETTER NOON GHUNNA 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ن U+0646 allocatable
ڻ U+06BB ARABIC LETTER RNOON 0 111 Sindhi (2) Tagsc:Arab ٹ U+0679 blocked
ڼ U+06BC ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH RING 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab
ڽ U+06BD ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE 0 107 Malay (1) Tagsc:Arab پ U+067E blocked ۑ U+06D1 blocked ݒ U+0752 blocked
ھ U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ة U+0629 blocked ه U+0647 blocked ۀ U+06C0 blocked ہ U+06C1 blocked ۂ U+06C2 blocked ۃ U+06C3 blocked +1 more
ۀ U+06C0 ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH YEH ABOVE 0 116 140 ANT, Kurdish (1) Tagsc:Arab ة U+0629 blocked ه U+0647 blocked ھ U+06BE blocked ہ U+06C1 blocked ۂ U+06C2 blocked ۃ U+06C3 blocked +1 more
ہ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ة U+0629 blocked ه U+0647 allocatable ھ U+06BE blocked ۀ U+06C0 blocked ۂ U+06C2 blocked ۃ U+06C3 blocked
Comment This is not allocatable in either direction because, unlike the allocatable relationship between U+0647 HEH and U+0629 TEH MARBUTA due to variation in the Arabic language, Urdu, and other languages using U+06C1 HEH GOAL do not exhibit such variation with U+06C3 TEH MARBUTA GOAL
+1 more
ۂ U+06C2 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL WITH HAMZA ABOVE 0 125 135 141 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ة U+0629 blocked ه U+0647 blocked ھ U+06BE blocked ۀ U+06C0 blocked ہ U+06C1 allocatable U+06C2 HEH GOAL WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+06C1 HEH GOAL in Urdu ۃ U+06C3 blocked +1 more
ۃ U+06C3 ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL 0 126 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ة U+0629 allocatable ه U+0647 blocked ھ U+06BE blocked ۀ U+06C0 blocked ہ U+06C1 blocked ۂ U+06C2 blocked +1 more
ۄ U+06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING 0 102 Kashmiri (4) Tagsc:Arab
ۆ U+06C6 ARABIC LETTER OE 0 102 140 142 Kashmiri (4), Kurdish (1), Uyghur (2) Tagsc:Arab
ۋ U+06CB ARABIC LETTER VE 0 103 114 136 Kazakh (1), Kirghiz (1), Uyghur (2) Tagsc:Arab
ی U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ئ U+0626 blocked ى U+0649 blocked ي U+064A allocatable ٻ U+067B blocked ۍ U+06CD blocked ې U+06D0 blocked +1 more
ۍ U+06CD ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TAIL 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab ئ U+0626 blocked ى U+0649 blocked ي U+064A blocked ٻ U+067B blocked ی U+06CC blocked ې U+06D0 blocked +1 more
ێ U+06CE ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH SMALL V 0 127 140 Kurdish (1) Tagsc:Arab
ۏ U+06CF ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH DOT ABOVE 3 107 Malay (1) Tagsc:Arab
ې U+06D0 ARABIC LETTER E 0 108 138 Pashto (1) Tagsc:Arab ئ U+0626 blocked ى U+0649 blocked ي U+064A blocked ٻ U+067B blocked ی U+06CC blocked ۍ U+06CD blocked +1 more
ۑ U+06D1 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW 0 122 Bamana (4), Mandika (5) Tagsc:Arab پ U+067E blocked ڽ U+06BD blocked ݒ U+0752 blocked
ے U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE 0 112 Urdu (1) Tagsc:Arab ئ U+0626 blocked ى U+0649 blocked ي U+064A blocked ٻ U+067B blocked ی U+06CC blocked ۍ U+06CD blocked +1 more
ە U+06D5 ARABIC LETTER AE 0 106 114 140 Kurdish (1), Uyghur (2) Tagsc:Arab ة U+0629 blocked ه U+0647 blocked ھ U+06BE blocked ۀ U+06C0 blocked ہ U+06C1 blocked ۂ U+06C2 blocked +1 more
ݑ U+0751 ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE 7 121 128 130 147 Hausa (2), Wolof (3) Tagsc:Arab
ݒ U+0752 ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW 7 113 130 Ajami, Wolof (3) Tagsc:Arab پ U+067E blocked ڽ U+06BD blocked ۑ U+06D1 blocked
ݖ U+0756 ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V 7 113 120 130 Ajami, Wolof (3) Tagsc:Arab
ݠ U+0760 ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW 7 121 130 Ajami, Hausa (2) Tagsc:Arab
ݢ U+0762 ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE 7 118 129 Malay (1) Tagsc:Arab
ݣ U+0763 ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE 7 118 Moroccan (3) Tagsc:Arab ګ U+06AB blocked ڭ U+06AD blocked گ U+06AF blocked
ݦ U+0766 ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH DOT BELOW 7 116 121 ANT Tagsc:Arab
ݧ U+0767 ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH TWO DOTS BELOW 7 113 120 Wolof (3) Tagsc:Arab ࢩ U+08A9 blocked
ݨ U+0768 ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH SMALL TAH 7 145 Saraiki (4) Tagsc:Arab
ݪ U+076A ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH BAR 7 113 116 120 ANT, Wolof (3) Tagsc:Arab
ݮ U+076E ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH BELOW 9 104 Khowar (3) Tagsc:Arab
ݯ U+076F ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS 9 104 Khowar (3) Tagsc:Arab
ݰ U+0770 ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS 9 104 Khowar (3) Tagsc:Arab
ݱ U+0771 ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS 9 104 Khowar (3) Tagsc:Arab
ࢠ U+08A0 ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V BELOW 12 117 DPLN Tagsc:Arab
ࢢ U+08A2 ARABIC LETTER JEEM WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE 12 117 DPLN Tagsc:Arab
ࢣ U+08A3 ARABIC LETTER TAH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE 12 113 117 DPLN, Wolof (3) Tagsc:Arab
ࢤ U+08A4 ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE 12 116 ANT Tagsc:Arab
ࢥ U+08A5 ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT BELOW 12 116 ANT Tagsc:Arab
ࢦ U+08A6 ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH DOUBLE BAR 12 116 ANT Tagsc:Arab
ࢧ U+08A7 ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE 12 116 ANT Tagsc:Arab
ࢨ U+08A8 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND HAMZA ABOVE 12 121 Hausa (2) Tagsc:Arab
ࢩ U+08A9 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND DOT ABOVE 12 121 Hausa (2) Tagsc:Arab ݧ U+0767 blocked

Variants

Code points grouped into sets of mutual variants. Every member of a set produces the same set of variant labels, so a registration of one has implications for all the others. Sets of a single member are omitted, as are the identity mappings RFC 7940 requires each member to declare.

List
16 variant sets, containing 192 variants.

Rules

Conditions evaluated against a whole label, or against the context around a single code point. The notation borrows from regular expressions: ^ and $ anchor to the start and end of a label, . matches any code point, (?= ) and (?<= ) look ahead and behind, and * and + repeat. Two symbols are specific to rulesets: ◆ is the code point being tested, and ⟨name⟩ refers to another rule.

leading-combining-mark MSR default

Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks

^ ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc})
Structure
  • ^ start
  • ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc}) union
    • {gc:Mn} class
    • {gc:Mc} class
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 1 (invalid)

no-mix-kaf-keheh 100

WLE Rule 1: do not mix Arabic letters KAF and KEHEH in the same label

( ( U+0643 .* U+06A9 ) │ ( U+06A9 .* U+0643 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0643 .* U+06A9 ) │ ( U+06A9 .* U+0643 ) ) choice
    • U+0643 .* U+06A9 rule
      • U+0643 char
      • .* any
      • U+06A9 char
    • U+06A9 .* U+0643 rule
      • U+06A9 char
      • .* any
      • U+0643 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 3 (invalid)

no-mix-kaf-swash 100

WLE Rule 2: do not mix Arabic letters KAF and SWASH KAF in the same label

( ( U+0643 .* U+06AA ) │ ( U+06AA .* U+0643 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0643 .* U+06AA ) │ ( U+06AA .* U+0643 ) ) choice
    • U+0643 .* U+06AA rule
      • U+0643 char
      • .* any
      • U+06AA char
    • U+06AA .* U+0643 rule
      • U+06AA char
      • .* any
      • U+0643 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 4 (invalid)

no-mix-alef-maksura-farsi-yeh 100

WLE Rule 3: do not mix Arabic letters ALEF MAKSURA and FARSI YEH in the same label

( ( U+0649 .* U+06CC ) │ ( U+06CC .* U+0649 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0649 .* U+06CC ) │ ( U+06CC .* U+0649 ) ) choice
    • U+0649 .* U+06CC rule
      • U+0649 char
      • .* any
      • U+06CC char
    • U+06CC .* U+0649 rule
      • U+06CC char
      • .* any
      • U+0649 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 5 (invalid)

no-mix-heh-goal 100

WLE Rule 4: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label

( ( U+0647 .* U+06C1 ) │ ( U+06C1 .* U+0647 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0647 .* U+06C1 ) │ ( U+06C1 .* U+0647 ) ) choice
    • U+0647 .* U+06C1 rule
      • U+0647 char
      • .* any
      • U+06C1 char
    • U+06C1 .* U+0647 rule
      • U+06C1 char
      • .* any
      • U+0647 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 6 (invalid)

no-mix-heh-goal-ae 100

WLE Rule 5: do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label

( ( U+06C1 .* U+06D5 ) │ ( U+06D5 .* U+06C1 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+06C1 .* U+06D5 ) │ ( U+06D5 .* U+06C1 ) ) choice
    • U+06C1 .* U+06D5 rule
      • U+06C1 char
      • .* any
      • U+06D5 char
    • U+06D5 .* U+06C1 rule
      • U+06D5 char
      • .* any
      • U+06C1 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 7 (invalid)

no-mix-heh-ae 100

WLE Rule 6: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label

( ( U+0647 .* U+06D5 ) │ ( U+06D5 .* U+0647 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0647 .* U+06D5 ) │ ( U+06D5 .* U+0647 ) ) choice
    • U+0647 .* U+06D5 rule
      • U+0647 char
      • .* any
      • U+06D5 char
    • U+06D5 .* U+0647 rule
      • U+06D5 char
      • .* any
      • U+0647 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 8 (invalid)

no-mix-heh-doachashmee 100

WLE Rule 7: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label

( ( U+0647 .* U+06BE ) │ ( U+06BE .* U+0647 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0647 .* U+06BE ) │ ( U+06BE .* U+0647 ) ) choice
    • U+0647 .* U+06BE rule
      • U+0647 char
      • .* any
      • U+06BE char
    • U+06BE .* U+0647 rule
      • U+06BE char
      • .* any
      • U+0647 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 9 (invalid)

no-mix-teh-marbuta-goal 100

WLE Rule 8: do not mix Arabic letters TEH MARBUTA and TEH MARBUTA GOAL in the same label

( ( U+0629 .* U+06C3 ) │ ( U+06C3 .* U+0629 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0629 .* U+06C3 ) │ ( U+06C3 .* U+0629 ) ) choice
    • U+0629 .* U+06C3 rule
      • U+0629 char
      • .* any
      • U+06C3 char
    • U+06C3 .* U+0629 rule
      • U+06C3 char
      • .* any
      • U+0629 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 10 (invalid)

no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below 100

WLE Rule 9: do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label

( ( U+06BD .* U+06D1 ) │ ( U+06D1 .* U+06BD ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+06BD .* U+06D1 ) │ ( U+06D1 .* U+06BD ) ) choice
    • U+06BD .* U+06D1 rule
      • U+06BD char
      • .* any
      • U+06D1 char
    • U+06D1 .* U+06BD rule
      • U+06D1 char
      • .* any
      • U+06BD char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 11 (invalid)

no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above 100

WLE Rule 10: do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label

( ( U+067E .* U+06BD ) │ ( U+06BD .* U+067E ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+067E .* U+06BD ) │ ( U+06BD .* U+067E ) ) choice
    • U+067E .* U+06BD rule
      • U+067E char
      • .* any
      • U+06BD char
    • U+06BD .* U+067E rule
      • U+06BD char
      • .* any
      • U+067E char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 12 (invalid)

no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below 100

WLE 11:do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label

( ( U+0641 .* U+06A2 ) │ ( U+06A2 .* U+0641 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0641 .* U+06A2 ) │ ( U+06A2 .* U+0641 ) ) choice
    • U+0641 .* U+06A2 rule
      • U+0641 char
      • .* any
      • U+06A2 char
    • U+06A2 .* U+0641 rule
      • U+06A2 char
      • .* any
      • U+0641 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 13 (invalid)

no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above 100

WLE Rule 12: do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label

( ( U+0642 .* U+06A7 ) │ ( U+06A7 .* U+0642 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0642 .* U+06A7 ) │ ( U+06A7 .* U+0642 ) ) choice
    • U+0642 .* U+06A7 rule
      • U+0642 char
      • .* any
      • U+06A7 char
    • U+06A7 .* U+0642 rule
      • U+06A7 char
      • .* any
      • U+0642 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 14 (invalid)

no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above 100

WLE Rule 13: do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label

( ( U+0641 .* U+06A7 ) │ ( U+06A7 .* U+0641 ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+0641 .* U+06A7 ) │ ( U+06A7 .* U+0641 ) ) choice
    • U+0641 .* U+06A7 rule
      • U+0641 char
      • .* any
      • U+06A7 char
    • U+06A7 .* U+0641 rule
      • U+06A7 char
      • .* any
      • U+0641 char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 15 (invalid)

no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf 100

WLE Rule 14: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label

( ( U+06AB .* U+06AF ) │ ( U+06AF .* U+06AB ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+06AB .* U+06AF ) │ ( U+06AF .* U+06AB ) ) choice
    • U+06AB .* U+06AF rule
      • U+06AB char
      • .* any
      • U+06AF char
    • U+06AF .* U+06AB rule
      • U+06AF char
      • .* any
      • U+06AB char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 16 (invalid)

no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above 100

WLE Rule 15: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE

( ( U+06AB .* U+0763 ) │ ( U+0763 .* U+06AB ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+06AB .* U+0763 ) │ ( U+0763 .* U+06AB ) ) choice
    • U+06AB .* U+0763 rule
      • U+06AB char
      • .* any
      • U+0763 char
    • U+0763 .* U+06AB rule
      • U+0763 char
      • .* any
      • U+06AB char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 17 (invalid)

no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above 100

WLE Rule 16: do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label

( ( U+06AF .* U+0763 ) │ ( U+0763 .* U+06AF ) )
Structure
  • ( ( U+06AF .* U+0763 ) │ ( U+0763 .* U+06AF ) ) choice
    • U+06AF .* U+0763 rule
      • U+06AF char
      • .* any
      • U+0763 char
    • U+0763 .* U+06AF rule
      • U+0763 char
      • .* any
      • U+06AF char
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 18 (invalid)

Actions

Actions are evaluated in the order shown. The first action whose conditions match determines the disposition of the label.

# Disposition Conditions
1 invalid label matches leading-combining-mark labels with leading combining marks are invalid MSR default
2 invalid any variant is out-of-repertoire-var any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid MSR default
3 invalid label matches no-mix-kaf-keheh do not mix Arabic letters KAF and KEHEH in the same label
4 invalid label matches no-mix-kaf-swash do not mix Arabic letters KAF and SWASH KAF in the same label
5 invalid label matches no-mix-alef-maksura-farsi-yeh do not mix Arabic letters ALEF MAKSURA and FARSI YEH in the same label
6 invalid label matches no-mix-heh-goal do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label
7 invalid label matches no-mix-heh-goal-ae do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label
8 invalid label matches no-mix-heh-ae do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label
9 invalid label matches no-mix-heh-doachashmee do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label
10 invalid label matches no-mix-teh-marbuta-goal do not mix Arabic letters TEH MARBUTA and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
11 invalid label matches no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label
12 invalid label matches no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
13 invalid label matches no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
14 invalid label matches no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
15 invalid label matches no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
16 invalid label matches no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label
17 invalid label matches no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE
18 invalid label matches no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
19 blocked any variant is blocked any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked MSR default
20 allocatable all variants are allocatable variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable MSR default
21 valid any label default catch all (default action) MSR default

References

RefSource
0 The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
3 The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 3.0
7 The Unicode Standard, Version 4.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 4.1
9 The Unicode Standard, Version 5.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 5.1
11 The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 6.0
12 The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 6.1
100 El-Sherbiny, A., Farah, M., Oueichek, I., and A. Al-Zoman, “Linguistic Guidelines for the Use of the Arabic Language in Internet Domains”, RFC 5564, February 2010 https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5564
101 Omniglot, “Hausa” https://omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm
102 Omniglot, “Kashmiri” https://omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm
103 Omniglot, “Kazakh” https://omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm
104 Omniglot, “Khowar” https://omniglot.com/writing/khowar.htm
105 Omniglot, “Kirghiz” https://omniglot.com/writing/kirghiz.htm
106 Omniglot, “Kurdish” https://omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm
107 Omniglot, “Malay” https://omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm
108 Omniglot, “Pashto” https://omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm
109 Omniglot, “Persian(Farsi)” https://omniglot.com/writing/persian.htm
110 Omniglot, “Saraiki” https://omniglot.com/writing/saraiki.htm
111 Omniglot, “Sindhi” https://omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm
112 Omniglot, “Urdu” https://omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm
113 Omniglot, “Wolof” https://omniglot.com/writing/wolof.htm
114 Omniglot, “Uyghur https://omniglot.com/writing/uyghur.htm
115 Unicode, Kashmiri, Yeh https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09215-kashmiri.pdf
116 Unicode, Chad ANT, pp. 19-20 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf
117 Unicode, DPLN, p.21 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf
118 Unicode, Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF, https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03176-gafs.pdf
119 Unicode, Chadian, p.5 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf
120 Wolof, Paul Timothy https://paul-timothy.net/pages/ajamisenegal/primers/je_sais_le_wolofal_harmattan_20-oct-2015_a4.pdf
121 Hausa, pp. 261-289 Warren-Rothlin, Andy (2014): West African scripts and Arabic-script orthographies in socio-political context. Meikal Mumin, Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Eds.): The Arabic script in Africa. Studies in the use of a writing system. Leiden, Boston: Brill (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 71)
122 Mandika, Bamana, pp. 225-260 Vydrin, Valentin Feodos’evich; Dumestre, Gérard (2014): Manding Ajami samples. In Meikal Mumin, Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Eds.): The Arabic script in Africa. Studies in the use of a writing system. Leiden, Boston: Brill (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 71)
123 Ethiopian, Wetter, Andreas (2006): Arabic in Ethiopia. In Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Volume I. A-Ed, vol. 2. With assistance of Mushira Eid, Alaa Elgibali, Manfred Woidich, Andrzej Zaborski. Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 51-56.
124 Western Arabic, Qaf with three dots above, city of Gabes, Tunisia
125 Urdu, Heh goal with hamza above, Section 3 in https://www.columbia.edu/~mk2580/urdu_section/handouts/izafat.pdf
126 Urdu, Teh marbuta goal, Code point UZT 76 of Urdu Zabta Takhti 1.01, the official code page standard for Govt. of Pakistan, approved in 2001; see https://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf
127 Kurdish-Sorani, p.7 in https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf
128 Wolof, Beh with dot below and three dots above, “Wolofal Orthography” by Galen Currah, revised 20 May 2011
129 Malay, Jawi Keyboard standard by Department of Standards Malaysia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_keyboard (Accessed on 13 November 2015)
130 Ajami usage, “Language planning in West Africa - who writes the script?” by Friederike Lüpke; https://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/02/ldd02_08.pdf
131 Scott Clark, “Alphabet and Orthography Statement For Fulfulde [FUB] Ajamiya”, SIL, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2007, https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/59/46/115946668959791144133440092187534320035/AlphabetandOrthographyStatementforFulfuldeFUBAjamiyafortheinternet.pdf (Accessed on June 17 2019)
132 Hausa, Newspapers and books published in Hausa using Arabic script, https://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/hausa/hausa-online-grammar/pronunciation-writing/hausa-writing/
133 Kyrgyz, https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kir
134 Kyrgyz, https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages
135 Urdu, https://www.bbc.com/urdu
136 Wikipedia: “Kyrgyz alphabets”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets (accessed on 13 November 2015)
137 Malay, Information technology - Jawi Coded Character Set for Information Interchange MS 2443:2012, Department of Standards, Malaysia. https://www.jsm.gov.my
138 Pashto Academy Peshawar University
140 Kurdish, https://kurdpress.com/
141 Internet Architecture Board (IAB), “IAB Statement on Identifiers and Unicode 7.0.0” https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/2015-2/iab-statement-on-identifiers-and-unicode-7-0-0/
Combining Hamza not recommended for use by IAB statement and combining marks not included by TF-AIDN; So combined form needs to be included
142 An introduction to Latin-Script Uyghur: by Waris Abdukerim Janbaz ,State Library of Victoria, 2006, https://docplayer.net/42224797-An-introduction-to-latin-script-uyghur.html
143 Torwali online and printed dictionaries
144 Wikipedia: “Jawi keyboard” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_keyboard (Accessed on 13 November 2015)
145 Wikipedia: “Saraiki alphabet” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet (Accessed on 13 November 2015)
146 ANT (Alphabet National du Tchad) is the national standard for Chad/Tchad; See Figures in L2/10-288R (used for “tr” sound as given in the table in Section 6.1.2): https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf and Appendix B
147 Wolof, https://www.openbookpublishers.com/htmlreader/978-1-78374-062-8/11.Ngom.xhtml