Latin

Latin

Root Zone Label Generation Rules, 6th Edition Current

Download rz-lgr-6-latin-script-23sep25-en.xml (105.6kb)

Summary

Version6 — Root Zone LGR for the Latin Script
Date
Tag und-Latn (Latin)
Unicode16.0.0
ScopeDNS root zone
Source filerz-lgr-6-latin-script-23sep25-en.xml (105.6kb)
This ruleset in other editions: 6th Edition 5th Edition 4th Edition 3rd Edition 2nd Edition 1st Edition

This ruleset is integrated into the Common (integrated set) ruleset of this release.

Description

Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script

Overview

This file contains a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Latin script for the Root Zone. For more details on this LGR and additional background on the script, see “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone LGR” [Proposal-Latin], including the appendices [Proposal-Latin-Appendices]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-6]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

Repertoire

According to Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Latin], the repertoire contains the 197 code points needed to write hundreds of languages in the Latin script. An additional 7 code points are available as part of 21 explicitly defined combining sequences which form part of the repertoire. One additional in-script sequence is defined for use in variants. This results in a total of 219 repertoire elements.

The repertoire is contained in [MSR-6], which is a subset of [Unicode 16.0.0].

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As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither decimal digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

%BOILERPLATE(repertoire-listing-notes-notags-languages-egids))%

Code points outside the Latin script repertoire that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-repertoire variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. They do not form part of the repertoire.

Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It

The Latin script is a major writing system of the world, and the most widely used in terms of the number of languages and speakers, with circa 70% of the world’s readers and writers making use of this script. From a list of 1,189 languages using the Latin script [Omniglot] the 212 languages that were taken into consideration contain all 182 languages with [EGIDS] level 1–4 together with many languages with EGIDS level 5, each spoken by more than 1 million estimated speakers. Altogether over 100 languages are cited here to justify specific additions to the repertoire, but many other languages may also be written using some subset of the repertoire of this LGR. In a few cases, code points were excluded in [MSR-6] due to security concerns; for the affected languages, only a subrepertoire could be supported. More details in Section 3, “Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It” of [Proposal-Latin].

Variants

According to Section 6, “Variants”, in [Proposal-Latin], this LGR defines the principles and methodology for developing both in-script and cross-scripts variants. The variant sets are defined in Section 6.3, “Variant Sets” and detailed analysis can be found in Appendix D of [Proposal-Latin]. See also Section 6.4, “Other Considerations for Variant Analysis”.

Variant Disposition: Except for limited exceptions for the variants defined for Latin Small Letter Sharp S and Latin Small Letter Dotless I all variants defined here result in a variant label disposition of “blocked”.

The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Latin Small Letter Sharp S

In the case of U+00DF Latin Small Letter Sharp S used in German, the LGR includes the code point together with a variant relationship with the sequence of two letters “ss” (U+0073 U+0073), as described in Section 6.4.2, “IDNA2003 Compatibility” in [Proposal-Latin]. To reduce the number of allocatable labels in case the applied-for label contains multiple sharp s letters, the LGR defines special variant types and actions so that only two allocatable variants are allowed for each label: the label as applied-for (original label), and the label with only the sequence ss. Note that this restriction is independent of the restriction on variants of dotless i, see below, so that a total of up to four allocatable labels may exist.

Overlapped Variant Sequence: Both “ss” and “s” coexist in the repertoire and “s” has variant relationships on its own. These variants thus overlap: making the variant set well-behaved for index variant calculation requires that the sequence “ss” also be given variants to all permutations of variants for the letter s followed by itself, as well as all transitive variants due to other variants for U+00DF.

Latin Small Letter Dotless i

The LGR defines a variant between U+0131 (Small Latin Letter Dotless i) and U+0069 (Small Latin Letter i) such that labels containing the any dotless i have allocatable variant labels that only have U+0069, as described in Section 6.4.2, “IDNA2003 Compatibility” in [Proposal-Latin]. To reduce the number of allocatable labels in case the applied-for label contains multiple instances of dotless i, the LGR defines special variant types and actions so that only two allocatable variants are allowed for each label: the label as applied-for (original label), and the label with only dotted letters i. Note that this restriction is independent of the restriction on variants of sharp s, see above, so that a total of up to four allocatable labels may exist.

In-script Variant Mapping Types

U+00DF Sharp S has been given the reflexive variant type “r-eszett” and U+0131 Dotless i has been given the reflexive variant of type “r-dotless”. (By convention, the prefix “r-“ marks a type used in a reflexive variant mapping, that is, it represents an instance of the original code point at that location in a variant label, see Section 5.3.4 in [RFC 7940].)

The variant mapping from U+00DF Sharp S to “ss” is of type “eszett-to-ss”, while the variant type for the mapping from “ss” to Sharp S is “blocked”. The variant mapping from U+0131 Dotless i to “i” is of type “dotted”, while the variant type for the mapping from “i” to Dotless i is “blocked”. Special <action> elements defined for this LGR use these types to ensure the following restrictions. (See also “Latin-specific Actions” below.)

  • blocked — a variant label containing a blocked variant will receive a disposition of “blocked”.
  • r-eszett r-dotless — a label containing one or more of these reflexive variant types and no others represents an original label and receives a disposition of “allocatable”
  • eszett-to-ss dotted — a label containing one or more of these variant types and no others represents a label that contains no Sharp S and/or Dotless i and receives a disposition of “allocatable”
  • eszett-to-ss r-dotless — a label containing one or more of these variant types and no others represents a label that contains no Sharp S but any Dotless i as in the applied-for label and receives a disposition of “allocatable”
  • r-eszett dotted — a label containing one or more of these variant types and no others represents a label that contains any Sharp S as in the applied-for label and no Dotless i and receives a disposition of “allocatable”
  • eszett-to-ss dotted — any label remaining containing any of these variant types represents a variant label that contains a mixture of Sharp S and/or Dotless i and their variants and receives a disposition of “blocked”

To limit the number of allocatable variants, a label is only allocatable when the variants for any U+00DF in the label are all “ss” ; or the variants for any Dotless i are all “i” ; or both; or when it is the original label as applied for. As a result of these actions, any label may result in at most four allocatable labels including the original label as applied-for. However, if it is applied for without Sharp S or Dotless i it will not result in any allocatable variant labels.

Cross Script Variants

The Latin script is closely related to the Greek and Cyrillic scripts, with a more distant relation to the Armenian script. These relationships give rise to shared forms that necessitate cross-script variants. A number of letter forms like “i”, “o” and “c” are rather generic in appearance and thus give rise to cross-script variant relations with otherwise unrelated scripts.

Where homoglyphs or near homoglyphs with Latin code points exist in other scripts, out-of-repertoire variants are defined with a comment “Cross-script homoglyph” or “Cross-script near homoglyph” respectively.

Because variant mappings, including cross-script variants, must be symmetric and transitive this LGR inherits additional blocked cross-script and in-script variants by integration; while not always further identified, all such variants are listed here in full for ease of reference. However, always use the Common LGR [RZ-LGR-6] for determining cross-script collisions of labels.

In particular, the Latin LGR inherits a number in-script variants as result of integration, primarily due to variants with the Greek script. These variants are marked in comments as “Required for integration”.

For more details, see Section 6.3.2 “Cross-Script Variants” in [Proposal-Latin].

Overlapped sequence: one sequence with a variant “ss” is overlapped with a code point “s” that has a variant of its own. To ensure that the sets of variant labels are well-behaved, additional variant mappings had to be defined, including the following out-of-repertoire sequences: U+0455 U+0455, U+0D1F U+0D1F.

Character Classes

The LGR defines no character classes.

Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context rules

Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-6]. They are marked with ⍟. The actions compute a label disposition based on WLE rules or variant mapping types.

Latin-specific Rules

This LGR does not define Latin-specific Whole Label Evaluation Rules.

Latin-specific Actions

The LGR contains additional Latin-specific actions as described in Section 6 of [Proposal-Latin]. These resolve the extended set of variant types into a disposition for variant labels of either “allocatable” or “blocked”. Latin-specific actions that are triggered by the LGR-specific variant types described above limit the “allocatable” variant labels to those containing only “ss” or dotted “i” variants or both, while disallowing mixed use of “ss” and “ß” or Dotless i and “i” respectively, except as in the original applied-for label. To account for original code points in a permuted variant, reflexive variant mappings with an “r-” prefix are used. (See [RFC 7940]).

Note that variant mapping types are not symmetric: they depend on which code point is considered the source or the target in a given mapping. As specified in [RFC 7940], mapping types are evaluated for each permutation of a label and its variants, with code points that are unchanged in a given label given the type of their “reflexive” mapping. The actions finally evaluate the collected set of mapping types and resolve them into one of two dispositions for the variant label. Per [RFC 7940] actions are always applied one after the other, and the evaluation stops at the first action that assigns a disposition to a given label.

For more information on how to assign a variant label disposition under this LGR, see Section 6.4.2, “IDNA2003 Compatibility” in [Proposal-Latin]. The specification of variants in the LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Methodology and Contributors

The Root Zone LGR for the Latin Script was developed by the Latin Generation Panel. For details on methodology and contributors, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Latin], as well as [RZ-LGR-6-Overview].

References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]
Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,” documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)
[MSR-6]
Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-6 Overview and Rationale”, 23 September 2025, https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf
[Omniglot]
Omniglot, “Writing Systems by Language”, https://www.omniglot.com/writing/langalph.htm (accessed on 13 January 2022)
[Proposal-Latin]
Latin Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 27 January 2022, https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-latin-lgr-27jan22-en.pdf
[Proposal-Latin-Appendices]
Appendices to “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 27 January 2022 (ZIP), https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-latin-lgr-appendices-27jan22-en.zip
[RFC 7940]
Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RFC 8228]
A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-6-Overview]
Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-6): Overview and Summary”, 23 September 2025, https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-6]
Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-6)”, 23 September 2025 (XML), https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation: https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.html
[SIL-Ethnologue]
David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version available as https://www.ethnologue.com
[Unicode 16.0.0]
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0, (South San Francisco: The Unicode Consortium, 2024. ISBN 978-1-936213-34-4) https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/

For references consulted, particularly in designing the repertoire for the Latin script for the Root Zone, please see details in the Table of References below. References [0] and up refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [101] and up correspond to a source given in [Proposal-Latin] for justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.

Repertoire

Showing the first 250 of 286 entries.
Glyph Code point Tags and context Variants
a U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn á U+00E1 blocked Required for integration ά U+03AC blocked α U+03B1 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph а U+0430 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
a̱ U+0061U+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER A + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 129 146 Nuer (4)
b U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
c U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn с U+0441 blocked Cross-script homoglyph င U+1004 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
d U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
e U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn е U+0435 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
e̱ U+0065U+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 146 Nuer (4)
f U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ƒ U+0192 blocked Generally acceptable alternate glyph
g U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ց U+0581 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
g̃ U+0067U+0303 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER G + COMBINING TILDE 142 143 Guarani (1) ḡ U+1E21 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
h U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn һ U+04BB blocked Cross-script homoglyph հ U+0570 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
i U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn í U+00ED blocked Required for integration ï U+00EF blocked Required for integration ı U+0131 blocked IDNA2003 Compatibility ɩ U+0269 blocked Required for integration ΐ U+0390 blocked ί U+03AF blocked +7 more
i̱ U+0069U+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER I + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 146 Nuer (4)
j U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ј U+0458 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
k U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
l U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ӏ U+04CF blocked Cross-script homoglyph
m U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
m̧ U+006DU+0327 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER M + COMBINING CEDILLA 136 213 214 Marshallese (1)
n U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ń U+0144 blocked Required for integration ŋ U+014B blocked Required for integration ή U+03AE blocked η U+03B7 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ղ U+0572 blocked ո U+0578 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph +1 more
n̄ U+006EU+0304 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER N + COMBINING MACRON 136 200 213 Raga (Hano) (3), Marshallese (1) ñ U+00F1 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
n̈ U+006EU+0308 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER N + COMBINING DIAERESIS 276 Malagasy (1)
o U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ó U+00F3 blocked Required for integration ο U+03BF blocked Cross-script homoglyph ό U+03CC blocked о U+043E blocked Cross-script homoglyph օ U+0585 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ס U+05E1 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph +3 more
o̧ U+006FU+0327 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O + COMBINING CEDILLA 136 Marshallese (1)
o̱ U+006FU+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 129 146 Nuer (4)
p U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ρ U+03C1 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph р U+0440 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
q U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn զ U+0566 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
r U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn г U+0433 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
r̃ U+0072U+0303 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER R + COMBINING TILDE 147 Hausa (2)
s U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ѕ U+0455 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ട U+0D1F blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ss U+0073U+0073 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER S + LATIN SMALL LETTER S Sequence added for variant mapping ß U+00DF blocked IDNA2003 Compatibility β U+03B2 blocked ѕѕ U+0455 + U+0455 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ടട U+0D1F + U+0D1F blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
t U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
u U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ú U+00FA blocked Required for integration ü U+00FC blocked Required for integration ʋ U+028B blocked Required for integration ΰ U+03B0 blocked υ U+03C5 blocked ϋ U+03CB blocked +2 more
v U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ν U+03BD blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
w U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
x U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn х U+0445 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
y U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn ɣ U+0263 blocked Required for integration γ U+03B3 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph у U+0443 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ү U+04AF blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
z U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z 0 99 Basic Latin Tagsc:Latn
ß U+00DF LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S 0 119 German (1) Tagsc:Latn ss U+0073 + U+0073 eszett-to-ss IDNA2003 Compatibility β U+03B2 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ѕѕ U+0455 + U+0455 blocked ടട U+0D1F + U+0D1F blocked
à U+00E0 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE 0 106 114 130 131 132 Italian (1), French (1), Galician (2), Wolof (4) Tagsc:Latn ả U+1EA3 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
á U+00E1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 103 105 106 107 108
Comment Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Lule Sami (2), Northern Sami (2)
Tagsc:Latn a U+0061 blocked Required for integration ά U+03AC blocked Cross-script near homoglyph α U+03B1 blocked а U+0430 blocked
â U+00E2 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 106 109 110 113 114 115 116 117 275
Comment Vietnamese (1), Romanian (1), Skolt Sami (2), French (1), Galician (2), West Frisian (1), Friulian (4), Xavante (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ã U+00E3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE 0 141 142 143 144 145 Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Khoekhoe (4) Tagsc:Latn ā U+0101 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ä U+00E4 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 0 107 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129
Comment German (1), Finnish (1), Turkmen (1), Estonian (1), Swedish (1), Lule Sami (2), Yapese (2), Dinka (4), Kaqchikel (4), Bashkir (4), Alsatian (5), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn ӓ U+04D3 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
å U+00E5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE 0 107 120 123 139 140 Danish (1), Finnish (1), Chamorro (1), Swedish (1), Lule Sami (2) Tagsc:Latn
æ U+00E6 LATIN SMALL LETTER AE 0 102 103 139 Danish (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2) Tagsc:Latn ӕ U+04D5 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ç U+00E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA 0 106 114 116 121 127 157 158 159 160 161
Comment Turkish (1), Turkmen (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Azerbaijani (1), Basque (1), Galician (2), Friulian (4), Bashkir (4)
Tagsc:Latn ҫ U+04AB blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
è U+00E8 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE 0 114 130 175 182 183 French (1), Italian (1), Afrikaans (1), Haitian Creole (1), French (1) Tagsc:Latn
é U+00E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 105 106 114 115 117 130 132 275
Comment French (1), Italian (1), Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Wolof (4), Xavante (4), West Frisian (2)
Tagsc:Latn
ê U+00EA LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 109 114 115 116 158 173 174 175
Comment French (1), Tswana (1), Afrikaans (1), Vietnamese (1), Kurdish (2), West Frisian (2), Friulian (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ë U+00EB LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS 0 114 115 124 126 129 132 175 176 177 179 180
Comment Afrikaans (1), Albanian (1), French (1), Uyghur (2), Yapese (2), Wolof (4), Drehu (4), Kaqchikel (4), West Frisian (2), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn ё U+0451 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ì U+00EC LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE 0 130 206 208 Italian (1) Tagsc:Latn
í U+00ED LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 103 106 127 Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Galician (2), Bashkir (4) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 blocked Required for integration ï U+00EF blocked Required for integration ı U+0131 blocked Required for integration ɩ U+0269 blocked Required for integration ΐ U+0390 blocked ί U+03AF blocked Cross-script homoglyph +7 more
î U+00EE LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 110 114 116 158 175 Afrikaans (1), Romanian (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Friulian (4) Tagsc:Latn
ï U+00EF LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 0 114 115 125 126 175 Afrikaans (1), French (1), Kaqchikel (4), Dinka (4), West Frisian (2) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 blocked Required for integration í U+00ED blocked Required for integration ı U+0131 blocked Required for integration ɩ U+0269 blocked Required for integration ΐ U+0390 blocked ί U+03AF blocked +7 more
ð U+00F0 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH 0 102 103 Faroese (2), Icelandic (1) Tagsc:Latn
ñ U+00F1 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE 0 106 127 132 136 142 143 144 149 160 197 205 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229
Comment Spanish (1), Fula (3), Chamorro (1), Filipino (1), Guarani (1), Chavacano (4), Basque (1), Galician (2), Iloco (3), Quechua (3), Cape Verdean Creole (4), Waray-Waray (3), Wolof (4), Nauruan (3), Lozi (4), Bashkir (4), Marshallese (1), Mandinka (5), Igbo (2)
Tagsc:Latn n̄ U+006E + U+0304 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ò U+00F2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE 0 130 182 183 Italian (1), Haitian Creole (1) Tagsc:Latn ỏ U+1ECF blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ó U+00F3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 105 106 132 152 Spanish (1), Polish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Wolof (4) Tagsc:Latn o U+006F blocked Required for integration ο U+03BF blocked ό U+03CC blocked Cross-script homoglyph о U+043E blocked օ U+0585 blocked ס U+05E1 blocked +3 more
ô U+00F4 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 106 109 114 115 116 117 173 174 175 230 275
Comment Tswana (1), Afrikaans (1), Vietnamese (1), French (1), Northern Sotho (1), West Frisian (2), Galician (2), Friulian (4), Xavante (4)
Tagsc:Latn
õ U+00F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE 0 113 117 122 141 142 143 144 145 275
Comment Estonian (1), Skolt Sami (2), Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Xavante (4), Khoekhoe (4)
Tagsc:Latn ō U+014D blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ö U+00F6 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS 0 115 119 120 123 124 125 126 127 129 157 175 179 180 232
Comment German (1), Finnish (1), Afrikaans (1), Turkish (1), Swedish (1), Uygur (2), Yapese (2), Drehu (4), Kaqchikel (4), Dinka (4), Bashkir (4), Chechen (2), 1992 Version, West Frisian (2), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn ӧ U+04E7 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ø U+00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE 0 103 139 Danish (1), Faroese (2) Tagsc:Latn
ù U+00F9 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE 0 114 130 206 245 246 253 Italian (1), French (1), Papiamento (1) Tagsc:Latn ủ U+1EE7 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ú U+00FA LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE 0 100 101 102 103 105 106 115
Comment Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Chuukese (2), West Frisian (2), Galician (2)
Tagsc:Latn u U+0075 blocked Required for integration ü U+00FC blocked Required for integration ʋ U+028B blocked Required for integration ΰ U+03B0 blocked υ U+03C5 blocked ϋ U+03CB blocked +2 more
û U+00FB LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 114 115 116 158 175 202 243
Comment Afrikaans (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Miskito (2), West Frisian (2), Friulian (4), Zazaki (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ü U+00FC LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS 0 100 106 114 119 123 126 127 157 159 161 175 179
Comment German (1), Spanish (1), Afrikaans (1), Turkish (1), Swedish (1), French (1), Azeri (1), Basque (1), Galician (2), Uygur (2), Kaqchikel (4), Bashkir (4)
Tagsc:Latn u U+0075 blocked Required for integration ú U+00FA blocked Required for integration ʋ U+028B blocked Required for integration ΰ U+03B0 blocked υ U+03C5 blocked ϋ U+03CB blocked Cross-script near homoglyph +2 more
ý U+00FD LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE 0 101 102 103 121 142 143 Turkmen (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Guarani (1) Tagsc:Latn ỳ U+1EF3 blocked Variant due to transitivity ỷ U+1EF7 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
þ U+00FE LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN 0 102 Icelandic (1) Tagsc:Latn
ÿ U+00FF LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS 0 114 253 257 French (1) Tagsc:Latn ӱ U+04F1 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ā U+0101 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON 0 133 134 135 136 Latvian (1), Tongan (1), Hawaiian (2), Marshallese (1) Tagsc:Latn ã U+00E3 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ă U+0103 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE 0 109 110 Vietnamese (1), Romanian (1) Tagsc:Latn ӑ U+04D1 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ą U+0105 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK 0 137 138 Polish (1), Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ć U+0107 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE 0 150 151 152 Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Polish (1) Tagsc:Latn ċ U+010B blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ĉ U+0109 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ċ U+010B LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE 0 163 Maltese (1) Tagsc:Latn ć U+0107 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
č U+010D LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON 0 108 133 150 151 153 154 Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Latvian (1), Slovak (1), Northern Sami (2), Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ď U+010F LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON 0 101 153 Czech (1), Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
đ U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE 0 108 109 150 151 168 Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Vietnamese (1), Northern Sami (2), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn
ē U+0113 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON 0 133 134 135 184 Latvian (1), Hawaiian (2), Tongan (1), Minangkabau (5) Tagsc:Latn ẽ U+1EBD blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ė U+0117 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE 0 138 154 Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ę U+0119 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK 0 138 152 154 185 Polish (1), Palauan (2), Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ě U+011B LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CARON 0 101 172 Czech (1), Sorbian (4) Tagsc:Latn
ĝ U+011D LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ğ U+011F LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE 0 127 157 159 201 202 Turkish (1), Tatar (2), Azeri (1), Bashkir (4), Zaza (5) Tagsc:Latn ǧ U+01E7 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ġ U+0121 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE 0 163 Maltese (1) Tagsc:Latn ģ U+0123 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ģ U+0123 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA 0 133 168 Latvian (1), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn ġ U+0121 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ĥ U+0125 LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ħ U+0127 LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE 0 163 Maltese (1) Tagsc:Latn ћ U+045B blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ĩ U+0129 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE 0 142 143 145 186 209 Guarani (1), Cubeo (3), Khoekhoe (4), Kikuyu (5) Tagsc:Latn ī U+012B blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ī U+012B LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON 0 133 134 135 138 Latvian (1), Lithuanian (1), Hawaiian (2), Tongan (1) Tagsc:Latn ĩ U+0129 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
į U+012F LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK 0 154 Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ı U+0131 LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I 0 157 159 201 203 Turkish (1), Tatar (2), Azeri (1) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 dotted IDNA2003 Compatibility í U+00ED blocked Required for integration ï U+00EF blocked Required for integration ɩ U+0269 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ΐ U+0390 blocked ί U+03AF blocked +7 more
ĵ U+0135 LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ķ U+0137 LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA 0 133 Latvian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ĺ U+013A LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE 0 153 Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
ļ U+013C LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA 0 133 168 213 214 Latvian (1), Marshallese (1), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn
ľ U+013E LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON 0 153 Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
ł U+0142 LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE 0 152 Polish (1) Tagsc:Latn
ń U+0144 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE 0 107 152 168 172 Polish (1), Lule Sami (2), Sorbian (4), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn n U+006E blocked Required for integration ŋ U+014B blocked Required for integration ή U+03AE blocked η U+03B7 blocked ղ U+0572 blocked ո U+0578 blocked +1 more
ņ U+0146 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA 0 133 136 Latvian (1), Marshallese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ň U+0148 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON 0 101 121 153 Turkmen (1), Czech (1), Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŋ U+014B LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG 0 108 125 129 132 146 148 170 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199
Comment Inari Saami (2), Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Dagbani (Dagomba), (4), Northern Sami (2), Ewondo (3), Luganda (3), Wolof (4), Adzera (4), Nuer (4), Ga (4), Dinka (4), Duala (3), Ewe (3), Soga (5), Alur (5), Mandinka (5), Acholi (5), Bambara (4), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn n U+006E blocked Required for integration ń U+0144 blocked Required for integration ή U+03AE blocked η U+03B7 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ղ U+0572 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ո U+0578 blocked +1 more
ō U+014D LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON 0 134 135 136 Hawaiian (2), Marshallese (1), Tongan (1) Tagsc:Latn õ U+00F5 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ő U+0151 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE 0 233 234 Hungarian (1) Tagsc:Latn
œ U+0153 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE 0 114 253 French (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŕ U+0155 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE 0 153 168 Slovak (1), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn ѓ U+0453 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ř U+0159 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON 0 101 172 Czech (1), Sorbian (4) Tagsc:Latn
ś U+015B LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE 0 152 258 Polish (1), Montenegrin (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŝ U+015D LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ş U+015F LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA 0 121 127 157 158 159 168 201 202
Comment Turkish (1), Turkmen (1), Kurdish (2), Tatar (2), Azeri (1), Bashkir (4), Brahui (5), Zaza (5)
Tagsc:Latn
š U+0161 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON 0 108 133 150 151 154 174 230
Comment Tswana (1), Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Latvian (1), Northern Sotho (1), Northern Sami (2), Lithuanian (1)
Tagsc:Latn
ť U+0165 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON 0 101 153 Czech (1), Slovak (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŧ U+0167 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE 0 108 168 Northern Sami (2), Brahui (5) Tagsc:Latn
ũ U+0169 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE 0 141 142 143 144 145 209 Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Khoekhoe (4), Kikuyu (5) Tagsc:Latn ū U+016B blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ū U+016B LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON 0 133 134 135 136 138 154 Latvian (1), Hawaiian (2), Lithuanian (1), Marshallese (1), Tongan (1) Tagsc:Latn ũ U+0169 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ŭ U+016D LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE 0 255 Esperanto (3) Tagsc:Latn
ů U+016F LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE 0 101 Czech (1) Tagsc:Latn
ű U+0171 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE 0 233 234 Hungarian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ų U+0173 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK 0 138 154 Lithuanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ŵ U+0175 LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 247 256 Chichewa (3), Welsh (2) Tagsc:Latn
ŷ U+0177 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX 0 256 Welsh (2) Tagsc:Latn
ź U+017A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE 0 152 168 172 252 258 Polish (1), Brahui (5), Sorbian (4), Montenegrin (1) Tagsc:Latn ż U+017C blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ż U+017C LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE 0 152 163 Polish (1), Maltese (1) Tagsc:Latn ź U+017A blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ž U+017E LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON 0 108 121 133 150 151 153 154 232
Comment Lithuanian (1), Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Turkmen (1), Latvian (1), Slovak (1), Northern Sami (2), Chechen (2) 1925 Version
Tagsc:Latn
ƈ U+0188 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH HOOK 0 277 Serer (5) Tagsc:Latn
ƒ U+0192 LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK 0 170 Ewe (3) Tagsc:Latn f U+0066 blocked Generally acceptable alternate glyph
ƙ U+0199 LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH HOOK 0 147 Hausa (2) Tagsc:Latn
ơ U+01A1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn ς U+03C2 blocked σ U+03C3 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ƥ U+01A5 LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH HOOK 0 277 Serer (5) Tagsc:Latn
ƭ U+01AD LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH HOOK 0 277 Serer (5) Tagsc:Latn
ư U+01B0 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ƴ U+01B4 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK 0 148 149 251 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Fula (3) Tagsc:Latn
ǝ U+01DD LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED E 0 240 Kanuri (3) Tagsc:Latn ə U+0259 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ә U+04D9 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ǧ U+01E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CARON 0 113 Skolt Sami (2) Tagsc:Latn ğ U+011F blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ǩ U+01E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CARON 0 113 Skolt Sami (2) Tagsc:Latn
ǯ U+01EF LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CARON 0 113 Skolt Sami (2) Tagsc:Latn
ș U+0219 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW 3 110 Romanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ț U+021B LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH COMMA BELOW 3 110 Romanian (1) Tagsc:Latn
ɍ U+024D LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH STROKE 8 240 Kanuri (3) Tagsc:Latn ғ U+0493 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ɓ U+0253 LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK 0 147 148 250 Hausa (2), Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Pulaar (3) Tagsc:Latn
ɔ U+0254 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O 0 129 146 148 169 170 189 190 193 194 236 237
Comment Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), Lingala (2), Akan (3), Ewondo (3), Fon (3), Nuer (4), Ga (4), Duala (3), EWE (3), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn
ɔ̈ U+0254U+0308 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O + COMBINING DIAERESIS 125 DINKA (4)
ɔ̱ U+0254U+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 129 146 Nuer (4)
ɖ U+0256 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL 0 169 170 Fon (3), Ewe (3) Tagsc:Latn
ɗ U+0257 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK 0 147 149 250 Hausa (2), Fula (3) Tagsc:Latn
ə U+0259 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA 0 159 170 190 241 Azeri, Azerbaijani (1), Ewondo (3), Ewe (3), Bugis (3) Tagsc:Latn ǝ U+01DD blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ә U+04D9 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ɛ U+025B LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E 0 129 148 169 170 189 190 193 194 199 212 236 237 238
Comment Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Lingala (2), Akan (3), Ewondo (3), Dagbani (Dagomba), (4), Fon (3), Mossi (3), Ga (4), Ewe (3), Duala (3), Bambara (4), Nuer (4)
Tagsc:Latn έ U+03AD blocked Cross-script homoglyph ε U+03B5 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ɛ̈ U+025BU+0308 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING DIAERESIS 125 129 146 239 Nuer (4), Dinka (4)
ɛ̱ U+025BU+0331 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW 129 146 239 Nuer (4)
ɛ̱̈ U+025BU+0331U+0308 sequence of 3 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW + COMBINING DIAERESIS 129 146 239 Nuer (4)
ɠ U+0260 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK 0 278 Kpelle (5) Tagsc:Latn
ɣ U+0263 LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA 0 125 129 146 170 189 Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), Nuer (4), Dinka (4), Ewe (3), Nuer (4) Tagsc:Latn y U+0079 blocked Required for integration γ U+03B3 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph у U+0443 blocked ү U+04AF blocked
ɨ U+0268 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE 0 186 189 210 211 Cubeo (3), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), HIxkaryána (4), Maasai (5) Tagsc:Latn
ɨ̃ U+0268U+0303 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE + COMBINING TILDE 186 Cubeo (3)
ɩ U+0269 LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA 0 148 212 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Mossi (3) Tagsc:Latn i U+0069 blocked Required for integration í U+00ED blocked Required for integration ï U+00EF blocked Required for integration ı U+0131 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ΐ U+0390 blocked ί U+03AF blocked +7 more
ɲ U+0272 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK 0 199 218 219 Susu (4), Zarma (4), Bambara (4) Tagsc:Latn
ʉ U+0289 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR 0 186 187 211 Cubeo (3), Maasai (5) Tagsc:Latn
ʉ̃ U+0289U+0303 sequence of 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR + COMBINING TILDE 186 187 Cubeo (3)
ʋ U+028B LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK 0 148 170 212 238 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Mossi (3), Ewe (3) Tagsc:Latn u U+0075 blocked Required for integration ú U+00FA blocked Required for integration ü U+00FC blocked Required for integration ΰ U+03B0 blocked υ U+03C5 blocked ϋ U+03CB blocked +2 more
ʒ U+0292 LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH 0 113 189 Skolt Sami (2), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4) Tagsc:Latn ӡ U+04E1 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ΐ U+0390 GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek i U+0069 blocked í U+00ED blocked ï U+00EF blocked ı U+0131 blocked ɩ U+0269 blocked ί U+03AF blocked +7 more
ά U+03AC GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek a U+0061 blocked á U+00E1 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph α U+03B1 blocked а U+0430 blocked
έ U+03AD GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek ɛ U+025B blocked Cross-script homoglyph ε U+03B5 blocked
ή U+03AE GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek n U+006E blocked ń U+0144 blocked ŋ U+014B blocked η U+03B7 blocked ղ U+0572 blocked ո U+0578 blocked +1 more
ί U+03AF GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek i U+0069 blocked í U+00ED blocked Cross-script homoglyph ï U+00EF blocked ı U+0131 blocked ɩ U+0269 blocked ΐ U+0390 blocked +7 more
ΰ U+03B0 GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek u U+0075 blocked ú U+00FA blocked ü U+00FC blocked ʋ U+028B blocked υ U+03C5 blocked ϋ U+03CB blocked +2 more
α U+03B1 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek a U+0061 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph á U+00E1 blocked ά U+03AC blocked а U+0430 blocked
β U+03B2 GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek ss U+0073 + U+0073 blocked ß U+00DF blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ѕѕ U+0455 + U+0455 blocked ടട U+0D1F + U+0D1F blocked
γ U+03B3 GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek y U+0079 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ɣ U+0263 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph у U+0443 blocked ү U+04AF blocked
ε U+03B5 GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek ɛ U+025B blocked Cross-script homoglyph έ U+03AD blocked
η U+03B7 GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek n U+006E blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ń U+0144 blocked ŋ U+014B blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ή U+03AE blocked ղ U+0572 blocked ո U+0578 blocked +1 more
ι U+03B9 GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek i U+0069 blocked í U+00ED blocked ï U+00EF blocked ı U+0131 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ɩ U+0269 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ΐ U+0390 blocked +7 more
ν U+03BD GREEK SMALL LETTER NU 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek v U+0076 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ο U+03BF GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek o U+006F blocked Cross-script homoglyph ó U+00F3 blocked ό U+03CC blocked о U+043E blocked օ U+0585 blocked ס U+05E1 blocked +3 more
ρ U+03C1 GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek p U+0070 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph р U+0440 blocked
ς U+03C2 GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek ơ U+01A1 blocked σ U+03C3 blocked
σ U+03C3 GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek ơ U+01A1 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ς U+03C2 blocked
υ U+03C5 GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek u U+0075 blocked ú U+00FA blocked ü U+00FC blocked ʋ U+028B blocked ΰ U+03B0 blocked ϋ U+03CB blocked +2 more
ϊ U+03CA GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek i U+0069 blocked í U+00ED blocked ï U+00EF blocked Cross-script homoglyph ı U+0131 blocked ɩ U+0269 blocked ΐ U+0390 blocked +7 more
ϋ U+03CB GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek u U+0075 blocked ú U+00FA blocked ü U+00FC blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ʋ U+028B blocked ΰ U+03B0 blocked υ U+03C5 blocked +2 more
ό U+03CC GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek o U+006F blocked ó U+00F3 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ο U+03BF blocked о U+043E blocked օ U+0585 blocked ס U+05E1 blocked +3 more
ύ U+03CD GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Grek u U+0075 blocked ú U+00FA blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ü U+00FC blocked ʋ U+028B blocked ΰ U+03B0 blocked υ U+03C5 blocked +2 more
а U+0430 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl a U+0061 blocked Cross-script homoglyph á U+00E1 blocked ά U+03AC blocked α U+03B1 blocked
г U+0433 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl r U+0072 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
е U+0435 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl e U+0065 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
о U+043E CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl o U+006F blocked Cross-script homoglyph ó U+00F3 blocked ο U+03BF blocked ό U+03CC blocked օ U+0585 blocked ס U+05E1 blocked +3 more
р U+0440 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl p U+0070 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ρ U+03C1 blocked
с U+0441 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl c U+0063 blocked Cross-script homoglyph င U+1004 blocked
у U+0443 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl y U+0079 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ɣ U+0263 blocked γ U+03B3 blocked ү U+04AF blocked
х U+0445 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl x U+0078 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ё U+0451 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ë U+00EB blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ѓ U+0453 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GJE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ŕ U+0155 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ѕ U+0455 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl s U+0073 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ട U+0D1F blocked
ѕѕ U+0455U+0455 sequence of 2 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE + CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE 0 Not part of repertoire variant target only ss U+0073 + U+0073 blocked Cross-script homoglyph ß U+00DF blocked β U+03B2 blocked ടട U+0D1F + U+0D1F blocked
і U+0456 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl i U+0069 blocked Cross-script homoglyph í U+00ED blocked ï U+00EF blocked ı U+0131 blocked ɩ U+0269 blocked ΐ U+0390 blocked +7 more
ї U+0457 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl i U+0069 blocked í U+00ED blocked ï U+00EF blocked Cross-script homoglyph ı U+0131 blocked ɩ U+0269 blocked ΐ U+0390 blocked +7 more
ј U+0458 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl j U+006A blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ћ U+045B CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSHE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ħ U+0127 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
џ U+045F CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZHE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ụ U+1EE5 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ғ U+0493 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH STROKE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ɍ U+024D blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ҫ U+04AB CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES WITH DESCENDER 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ç U+00E7 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ү U+04AF CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER STRAIGHT U 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl y U+0079 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ɣ U+0263 blocked γ U+03B3 blocked у U+0443 blocked
һ U+04BB CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHHA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl h U+0068 blocked Cross-script homoglyph հ U+0570 blocked
ӏ U+04CF CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PALOCHKA 8 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl l U+006C blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ӑ U+04D1 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ă U+0103 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ӓ U+04D3 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ä U+00E4 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ӕ U+04D5 CYRILLIC SMALL LIGATURE A IE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl æ U+00E6 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ә U+04D9 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SCHWA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ǝ U+01DD blocked Cross-script homoglyph ə U+0259 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ӡ U+04E1 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHASIAN DZE 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ʒ U+0292 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ӧ U+04E7 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ö U+00F6 blocked Cross-script homoglyph
ӱ U+04F1 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Cyrl ÿ U+00FF blocked Cross-script homoglyph
զ U+0566 ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ZA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Armn q U+0071 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
հ U+0570 ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER HO 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Armn h U+0068 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph һ U+04BB blocked
ղ U+0572 ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER GHAD 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Armn n U+006E blocked ń U+0144 blocked ŋ U+014B blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ή U+03AE blocked η U+03B7 blocked ո U+0578 blocked +1 more
ո U+0578 ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER VO 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Armn n U+006E blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ń U+0144 blocked ŋ U+014B blocked ή U+03AE blocked η U+03B7 blocked ղ U+0572 blocked +1 more
ս U+057D ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER SEH 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Armn u U+0075 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ú U+00FA blocked ü U+00FC blocked ʋ U+028B blocked ΰ U+03B0 blocked υ U+03C5 blocked +2 more
ց U+0581 ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CO 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Armn g U+0067 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph
ւ U+0582 ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER YIWN 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Armn i U+0069 blocked í U+00ED blocked ï U+00EF blocked ı U+0131 blocked ɩ U+0269 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ΐ U+0390 blocked +7 more
օ U+0585 ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER OH 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Armn o U+006F blocked Cross-script homoglyph ó U+00F3 blocked ο U+03BF blocked ό U+03CC blocked о U+043E blocked ס U+05E1 blocked +3 more
ו U+05D5 HEBREW LETTER VAV 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Hebr i U+0069 blocked í U+00ED blocked ï U+00EF blocked ı U+0131 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ɩ U+0269 blocked ΐ U+0390 blocked +7 more
ס U+05E1 HEBREW LETTER SAMEKH 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Hebr o U+006F blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ó U+00F3 blocked ο U+03BF blocked ό U+03CC blocked о U+043E blocked օ U+0585 blocked +3 more
ଠ U+0B20 ORIYA LETTER TTHA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Orya o U+006F blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ó U+00F3 blocked ο U+03BF blocked ό U+03CC blocked о U+043E blocked օ U+0585 blocked +3 more
ട U+0D1F MALAYALAM LETTER TTA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Mlym s U+0073 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ѕ U+0455 blocked
ടട U+0D1FU+0D1F sequence of 2 MALAYALAM LETTER TTA + MALAYALAM LETTER TTA 0 Not part of repertoire variant target only ss U+0073 + U+0073 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ß U+00DF blocked β U+03B2 blocked ѕѕ U+0455 + U+0455 blocked
ഠ U+0D20 MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA 0 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Mlym o U+006F blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ó U+00F3 blocked ο U+03BF blocked ό U+03CC blocked о U+043E blocked օ U+0585 blocked +3 more
င U+1004 MYANMAR LETTER NGA 3 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Mymr c U+0063 blocked Cross-script near homoglyph с U+0441 blocked
ဝ U+101D MYANMAR LETTER WA 3 Not part of repertoire Tagsc:Mymr o U+006F blocked Cross-script near homoglyph ó U+00F3 blocked ο U+03BF blocked ό U+03CC blocked о U+043E blocked օ U+0585 blocked +3 more
ḓ U+1E13 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn
ḡ U+1E21 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH MACRON 0 200 Raga (Hano) (3) Tagsc:Latn g̃ U+0067 + U+0303 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ḽ U+1E3D LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn
ṅ U+1E45 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn n U+006E blocked Required for integration ń U+0144 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical ŋ U+014B blocked Required for integration ή U+03AE blocked η U+03B7 blocked ղ U+0572 blocked +1 more
ṉ U+1E49 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW 0 220 Pitjantjatjara (4) Tagsc:Latn
ṋ U+1E4B LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn
ṣ U+1E63 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW 0 254 Yoruba (2) Tagsc:Latn
ṭ U+1E6D LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW 0 242 Mizo (4) Tagsc:Latn
ṱ U+1E71 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 0 164 257 Venda (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẍ U+1E8D LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS 0 248 249 Mam (4) Tagsc:Latn
ạ U+1EA1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ả U+1EA3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn à U+00E0 blocked Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
ấ U+1EA5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ầ U+1EA7 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẩ U+1EA9 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẫ U+1EAB LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ậ U+1EAD LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ắ U+1EAF LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ằ U+1EB1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẳ U+1EB3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẵ U+1EB5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ặ U+1EB7 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW 0 109 Vietnamese (1) Tagsc:Latn
ẹ U+1EB9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW 0 254 Yoruba (2) Tagsc:Latn

Identity mappings, where a code point is declared a variant of itself, are required by RFC 7940 and are omitted here. 647 variant records are declared in total.

Variants

Code points grouped into sets of mutual variants. Every member of a set produces the same set of variant labels, so a registration of one has implications for all the others. Sets of a single member are omitted, as are the identity mappings RFC 7940 requires each member to declare.

List
50 variant sets, containing 578 variants.

Rules

Conditions evaluated against a whole label, or against the context around a single code point. The notation borrows from regular expressions: ^ and $ anchor to the start and end of a label, . matches any code point, (?= ) and (?<= ) look ahead and behind, and * and + repeat. Two symbols are specific to rulesets: ◆ is the code point being tested, and ⟨name⟩ refers to another rule.

leading-combining-mark MSR default

Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks

^ ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc})
Structure
  • ^ start
  • ({gc:Mn} ∪ {gc:Mc}) union
    • {gc:Mn} class
    • {gc:Mc} class
Referenced by 1 definition
  • action 1 (invalid)

Actions

Actions are evaluated in the order shown. The first action whose conditions match determines the disposition of the label.

# Disposition Conditions
1 invalid label matches leading-combining-mark labels with leading combining marks are invalid MSR default
2 invalid any variant is out-of-repertoire-var any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid MSR default
3 blocked any variant is blocked any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked MSR default
4 valid all variants are r-eszettr-dotless any remaining label containing only original code points is valid
5 allocatable all variants are r-eszettdotted any label with all dotted letters i and sharp s as applied for is allocatable
6 allocatable all variants are eszett-to-ssr-dotless any label with no sharp s and dotless letters i as applied for is allocatable
7 allocatable all variants are eszett-to-ssdotted any label with no sharp s and all dotted letters i is allocatable
8 blocked any variant is eszett-to-ssdotted any variant label with a mix of variant forms is blocked
9 allocatable all variants are allocatable variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable MSR default
10 valid any label default catch all (default action) MSR default

References

RefSource
0 The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
3 The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 3.0
8 The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 5.0
99 CO Controls and Basic Latin, The Unicode Standard https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf
Any code point cited is part of the Basic Latin (ASCII) set
100 ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for Spanish https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-spanish-30aug16-en.html (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
101 Omniglot, Czech (čeština) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/czech.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
102 Omniglot, Icelandic (Íslenska) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/icelandic.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
103 Omniglot, Faroese (føroyskt mál) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/faroese.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
105 Omniglot, Chuukese (Chuuk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chuukese.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
106 SCRIPTSOURCE, Galician written with Latin script https://www.webcitation.org/6siTI8ieQ (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
107 Omniglot, Lule Sámi (julevsámegiella) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lulesami.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
108 Wikipedia, Northern Sami https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
109 Omniglot, Vietnamese (tiếng việt / 㗂越) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/vietnamese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
110 Omniglot, Romanian (limba română) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/romanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
113 Omniglot, Skolt Sámi (Sääˊmǩiõll / Nuõrttsää’m) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/skoltsami.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
114 Omniglot, French (français) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/french.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
115 Omniglot, West Frisian (Frysk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/westfrisian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
116 Omniglot, Friulian (furlan/marilenghe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/friulian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
117 Summer Institute of Linguistics, Pequeno dicionário: Xavante-Português, Português-Xavante https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/17019 (Accessed on 1 October 2020)
119 Omniglot, German (Deutsch) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/german.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
120 Omniglot, Finnish (suomi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/finnish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
121 Omniglot, Turkmen (Türkmen dili / Түркмен дили) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkmen.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
122 Omniglot, Estonian (eesti keel) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/estonian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
123 Omniglot, Swedish (svenska) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/swedish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
124 Omniglot, Yapese (Waab) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yapese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
125 Omniglot, Dinka (Thuɔŋjäŋ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dinka.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
126 Omniglot, Kaqchikel (Kaqchikel Ch’ab’äl) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kaqchikel.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
127 Omniglot, Bashkir/Bashkort (Башҡорт теле / Başqort tele) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bashkir.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
128 Omniglot, Alsatian (Ëlsässisch) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/alsatian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
129 Wikipedia, Nuer language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuer_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
130 Omniglot, Italian (italiano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/italian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
131 Wikipedia, Italian orthography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
132 Omniglot, Wolof (Wollof) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/wolof.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
133 Omniglot, Latvian (latviešu valoda) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/latvian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
134 Omniglot, Tongan (Faka-Tonga) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tongan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
135 Omniglot, Hawaiian (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hawaiian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
136 Omniglot, Marshallese (kajin m̧ajeļ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/marshallese.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
137 Omniglot, Polish (polski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/polish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
138 Omniglot, Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lithuanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
139 Omniglot, Danish (dansk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/danish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
140 Omniglot, Chamorro (chamoru) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chamorro.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
141 Omniglot, Umbundu (Úmbúndú) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/umbundu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
142 Omniglot, Guaraní (Avañe’ẽ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/guarani.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
143 Wikipedia, Guarani alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
144 Omniglot, Nauruan (Ekaiairũ Naoero) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nauruan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
145 Omniglot, Khoekhoe (Khoekhoegowab) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khoekhoe.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
146 Omniglot, Nuer (Naath) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nuer.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
147 Omniglot, Hausa (Harshen Hausa / هَرْشَن هَوْسَ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
148 Omniglot, Dagaare https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dagaare.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
149 Omniglot, Fula (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular’Fulaare) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/fula.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
150 Omniglot, Croatian (Hrvatski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/croatian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
151 Omniglot, Serbian (српски / srpski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/serbian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
152 Wikipedia, Polish language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
153 Omniglot, Slovak (slovenčina) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/slovak.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
154 Evertype Publishing, Lithuanian lietuvių kalba Version 1.1 https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/lithuanian.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
157 Omniglot, Turkish (Türkçe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
158 Omniglot, Kurdish (Kurdî / کوردی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
159 Omniglot, Azerbaijani (آذربايجانجا ديلي / Азәрбајҹан дили / Azərbaycan dili) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/azeri.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
160 Omniglot, Basque (euskara) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/basque.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
161 Wikipedia, Basque language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language#Writing_system (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
163 Omniglot, Maltese (Malti) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maltese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
164 Omniglot, Venda (Tshivenḓa / Luvenḓa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/venda.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
168 Omniglot, Brahui (Bráhuí / براوی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahui.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
169 Wikipedia, Fon language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
170 Omniglot, Ewe (Eʋegbe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewe.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
172 Omniglot, Sorbian (hornjoserbsce/dolnoserbski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sorbian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
173 Peace corps, Botswana, An Introduction to Setswana Language https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/audio/languagelessons/botswana/Bw_Setswana_Language_Lessons.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
174 Omniglot, Tswana (Setswana) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tswana.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
175 Wikipedia, Afrikaans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
176 Omniglot, Albanian (shqip / gjuha shqipe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/albanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
177 Wikipedia, Albanian alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
179 Wikipedia, Uyghur Latin alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
180 Omniglot, Drehu (Deʼu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/drehu.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
182 Omniglot, Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haitiancreole.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
183 Wikipedia, Haitian Creole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole#Orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
184 Omniglot, Minangkabau (Baso Minangkabau / باسو مينڠكاباو) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/minangkabau.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
185 Omniglot, Palauan (a tekoi er a Belau) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/palauan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
186 Omniglot, Cubeo (pãmié) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/cubeo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
187 Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo, Diccionario Ilustrado Bilingüe cubeo-español español-cubeo https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/58/27/10582785843693992331766506069073895620/40337_01.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
188 Omniglot, Inari Saami (Anarâškielâ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/inarisami.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
189 Omniglot, Compiled by Wolfram Siegel, DAGBANI https://www.omniglot.com/charts/dagbani.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
190 Omniglot, Ewondo https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewondo.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
191 Omniglot, Luganda (Oluganda) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ganda.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
192 Omniglot, Adzera https://www.omniglot.com/writing/adzera.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
193 Omniglot, Ga (Gã) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
194 Omniglot, Duala (Duálá) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/duala.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
195 Omniglot, Soga (Lusoga) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/soga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
196 Omniglot, Alur (Lur) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/alur.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
197 Omniglot, Mandinka (Mandi’nka kango / لغة مندنكا) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mandinka.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
198 Omniglot, Acholi (Lwo) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/acholi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
199 Omniglot, Bambara (Bamanankan) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bambara.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
200 Omniglot, Raga (Hano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/raga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
201 Omniglot, Tatar (tatarça / татарча / تاتارچا) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
202 Omniglot, Zaza (Zazaki / زازاکی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zazaki.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
203 Wikipedia, Turkish alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
204 School of English, Adam Michiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 43(1),2007, pp. 169-180, A Demographic Igbo Orthography https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/psicl.2007.43.issue-1/v10010-007-0009-0/v10010-007-0009-0.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
205 Omniglot, Igbo (Asụsụ Igbo) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/igbo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
206 ItalianPod101, Italian Accents and Proper Italian Pronunciation https://www.italianpod101.com/italian-accents (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
208 Reverso Dictionary, venerdì translation | Italian-English dictionary https://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/venerd%C3%AC (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
209 Omniglot, Kikuyu (Gĩkũyũ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kikuyu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
210 Omniglot, Hixkaryána https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hixkaryana.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
211 Omniglot, Maasai (ɔl Maa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maasai.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
212 Omniglot, Mossi (Mòoré) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mossi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
213 Omniglot, Jenesis. The Bible in Marshallese, 2009., Contributed by Wolfgang Kuhl https://www.omniglot.com/babel/marshallese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
214 Wikipedia, Cedilla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedilla#Marshallese (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
215 Wikipedia, Marshallese language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_language#Display_issues (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
216 Trussel, Marshallese-English Online Dictionary https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/ (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
218 Omniglot, Susu (Sosoxi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/susu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
219 Omniglot, Zarma (Zarmaciine) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zarma.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
220 Omniglot, Pitjantjatjara https://www.omniglot.com/writing/pitjantjatjara.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
221 Omniglot, Spanish (español/castellano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/spanish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
222 Omniglot, Filipino (wikang Filipino) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/filipino.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
223 Omniglot, Chavacano https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chavacano.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
224 Wikipedia, Ilocano language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_language#Modern_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
225 Omniglot, Quechua (Runasimi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/quechua.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
226 Wikipedia, Quechua alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
227 Omniglot, Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kriol.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
228 Omniglot, Waray-Waray https://www.omniglot.com/writing/waray.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
229 Omniglot, Lozi (siLozi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lozi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
230 africanlanguages.com, Sesotho sa Leboa (Northern Sotho) https://africanlanguages.com/northern_sotho/ (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
232 Wikipedia, Chechen language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
233 Omniglot, Hungarian (magyar) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
234 Wikipedia, Hungarian alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
236 Omniglot, Lingala https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lingala.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
237 Omniglot, Akan https://www.omniglot.com/writing/akan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
238 Wikipedia, Mossi language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
239 SIL-Sudan, OCCASIONAL PAPERS in the study of SUDANESE LANGUAGES No. 9 (p. 75) https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/06/46/100646256099282892829790816212446104791/OPSL_9.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
240 Omniglot, Kanuri https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kanuri.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
241 Omniglot, Bugis (Basa Ugi ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bugis.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
242 Omniglot, Mizo (Mizo ṭawng) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mizo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
243 Omniglot, Miskito (Mískitu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/miskito.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
245 Wikipedia, Papiamento https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
246 Omniglot, Papiamento (Papiamentu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/papiamento.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
247 Omniglot, Chichewa (Chicheŵa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chichewa.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
248 Native Languages of the Americas website, Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Mam Words https://www.native-languages.org/mam_words.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
249 Omniglot, Mam (Qyol Mam) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mam.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
250 Wikipedia, Pulaar language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaar_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
251 Wikipedia, Fula language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language#Writing_systems (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
252 Wikipedia, Polish alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
253 Wikipedia, French orthography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
254 Omniglot, Yoruba (Èdè Yorùbá) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yoruba.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
255 Omniglot, Esperanto https://www.omniglot.com/writing/esperanto.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
256 Omniglot, Welsh (Cymraeg) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/welsh.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
257 Wikipedia, List of Latin-script letters https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
258 Omniglot, Montenegrin https://www.omniglot.com/writing/montenegrin.htm (Accessed on 20 March 2019)
275 Omniglot, Shavante https://www.omniglot.com/writing/shavante.php (Accessed on 24 September 2020)
276 Wikipedia, Malagasy Language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language (Accessed on 24 September 2020)
277 Wikipedia, Serer language, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_language, accessed on 6 April 2021
278 Wikipedia, Kpelle language, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpelle_language, accessed on 6 April 2021